Grimaldi David A, Arillo Antonio, Cumming Jeffrey M, Hauser Martin
Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, 10024, USA.
Zookeys. 2011(148):293-332. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.148.1809. Epub 2011 Nov 21.
Thirteen species of basal Brachycera (11 described as new) are reported, belonging to nine families and three infraorders. They are preserved in amber from the Early Cretaceous (Neocomian) of Lebanon, Albian of northern Spain, upper Albian to lower Cenomanian of northern Myanmar, and Late Cretaceous of New Jersey USA (Turonian) and Alberta, Canada (Campanian). Taxa are as follows, with significance as noted: In Stratiomyomorpha: Stratiomyidae (Cretaceogaster pygmaeus Teskey [2 new specimens in Canadian amber], Lysistrata emerita Grimaldi & Arillo, gen. et sp. n. [stem-group species of the family in Spanish amber]), and Xylomyidae (Cretoxyla azari Grimaldi & Cumming, gen. et sp. n. [in Lebanese amber], and an undescribed species from Spain). In Tabanomorpha: Tabanidae (Cratotabanus newjerseyensis Grimaldi, sp. n., in New Jersey amber). In Muscomorpha: Acroceridae (Schlingeromyia minuta Grimaldi & Hauser, gen. et sp. n. and Burmacyrtus rusmithi Grimaldi & Hauser gen. etsp. n., in Burmese amber, the only definitive species of the family from the Cretaceous); Mythicomyiidae (Microburmyia analvena Grimaldi & Cumming gen. et sp. n. and Microburmyia veanalvena Grimaldi & Cumming, sp. n., stem-group species of the family, both in Burmese amber); Apsilocephalidae or near (therevoid family-group) (Kumaromyia burmitica Grimaldi & Hauser, gen. et sp. n. [in Burmese amber]); Apystomyiidae (Hilarimorphites burmanica Grimaldi & Cumming, sp. n. [in Burmese amber], whose closest relatives are from the Late Jurassic of Kazachstan, the Late Cretaceous of New Jersey, and Recent of California). Lastly, two species belonging to families incertae sedis, both in Burmese amber: Tethepomyiidae (Tethepomyia zigrasi Grimaldi & Arillo sp. n., the aculeate oviscapt of which indicates this family was probably parasitoidal and related to Eremochaetidae); and unplaced to family is Myanmyia asteiformia Grimaldi, gen. et sp. n., a minute fly with highly reduced venation. These new taxa significantly expand the Mesozoic fossil record of rare and phylogenetically significant taxa of lower Brachycera.
报道了13种基部短角亚目昆虫（其中11种被描述为新物种），分属于9个科和3个下目。它们保存在黎巴嫩早白垩世（尼奥科姆阶）、西班牙北部阿尔必阶、缅甸北部上阿尔必阶至下赛诺曼阶以及美国新泽西州（土伦阶）和加拿大艾伯塔省（坎帕阶）晚白垩世的琥珀中。分类单元如下，并注明其重要性：在食虫虻下目：食虫虻科（Cretaceogaster pygmaeus Teskey [加拿大琥珀中有2个新标本]，Lysistrata emerita Grimaldi & Arillo，新属新种 [西班牙琥珀中该科的干群物种]），以及木虻科（Cretoxyla azari Grimaldi & Cumming，新属新种 [黎巴嫩琥珀中]，以及西班牙的一个未描述物种）。在虻下目：虻科（Cratotabanus newjerseyensis Grimaldi，新种，新泽西琥珀中）。在蝇下目：蜂虻科（Schlingeromyia minuta Grimaldi & Hauser，新属新种和Burmacyrtus rusmithi Grimaldi & Hauser，新属新种，缅甸琥珀中，这是该科来自白垩纪的唯一确定物种）；神话蝇科（Microburmyia analvena Grimaldi & Cumming，新属新种和Microburmyia veanalvena Grimaldi & Cumming，新种，该科的干群物种，均在缅甸琥珀中）；无芒蝇科或近缘类群（无明确归属的科级类群）（Kumaromyia burmitica Grimaldi & Hauser，新属新种 [缅甸琥珀中]）；隐芒蝇科（Hilarimorphites burmanica Grimaldi & Cumming，新种 [缅甸琥珀中]，其最近亲缘种来自哈萨克斯坦晚侏罗世、新泽西州晚白垩世以及加利福尼亚州现代）。最后，缅甸琥珀中有两个科级归属不确定的物种：四鬃蝇科（Tethepomyia zigrasi Grimaldi & Arillo，新种，其具刺的产卵器表明该科可能为寄生性，与荒漠蝇科有关）；未归入科级的是Myanmyia asteiformia Grimaldi，新属新种，一种脉序高度退化的微小蝇类。这些新分类单元显著扩展了基部短角亚目稀有且在系统发育上具有重要意义的类群的中生代化石记录。
