Winterton Shaun L, Wiegmann Brian M, Schlinger Evert I
Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2007 Jun;43(3):808-32. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2006.08.015. Epub 2006 Aug 24.
The first formal analysis of phylogenetic relationships among small-headed flies (Acroceridae) is presented based on DNA sequence data from two ribosomal (16S and 28S) and two protein-encoding genes: carbomoylphosphate synthase (CPS) domain of CAD (i.e., rudimentary locus) and cytochrome oxidase I (COI). DNA sequences from 40 species in 22 genera of Acroceridae (representing all three subfamilies) were compared with outgroup exemplars from Nemestrinidae, Stratiomyidae, Tabanidae, and Xylophagidae. Parsimony and Bayesian simultaneous analyses of the full data set recover a well-resolved and strongly supported hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships for major lineages within the family. Molecular evidence supports the monophyly of traditionally recognised subfamilies Philopotinae and Panopinae, but Acrocerinae are polyphyletic. Panopinae, sometimes considered "primitive" based on morphology and host-use, are always placed in a more derived position in the current study. Furthermore, these data support emerging morphological evidence that the type genus Acrocera Meigen, and its sister genus Sphaerops, are atypical acrocerids, comprising a sister lineage to all other Acroceridae. Based on the phylogeny generated in the simultaneous analysis, historical divergence times were estimated using Bayesian methodology constrained with fossil data. These estimates indicate Acroceridae likely evolved during the late Triassic but did not diversify greatly until the Cretaceous.
基于来自两个核糖体基因（16S和28S）以及两个蛋白质编码基因（CAD的氨基甲酰磷酸合酶（CPS）结构域，即原始基因座，和细胞色素氧化酶I（COI））的DNA序列数据，首次对小头虻科（Acroceridae）的系统发育关系进行了正式分析。将小头虻科22个属的40个物种（代表所有三个亚科）的DNA序列与蛛蝇科、水虻科、虻科和食木虻科的外类群样本进行了比较。对完整数据集进行简约分析和贝叶斯同步分析，得出了该科内主要谱系的系统发育关系的一个解析良好且得到有力支持的假设。分子证据支持传统认可的亚科Philopotinae和Panopinae的单系性，但Acrocerinae是多系的。Panopinae有时基于形态学和寄主利用情况被认为是“原始的”，但在当前研究中它们总是处于一个更进化的位置。此外，这些数据支持了新出现的形态学证据，即模式属Acrocera Meigen及其姐妹属Sphaerops是不典型的小头虻，构成了所有其他小头虻科的姐妹谱系。基于同步分析中生成的系统发育树，使用受化石数据约束的贝叶斯方法估计了历史分歧时间。这些估计表明小头虻科可能在三叠纪晚期进化，但直到白垩纪才出现大量分化。
