Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2012;34(4):416-27. doi: 10.1080/13803395.2012.654764. Epub 2012 Feb 2.
The delay interval between encoding a future intention and detection of the retrieval cue is an essential feature of prospective memory (PM). McDaniel and Einstein's ( 2000 ) multiprocess theory posits that greater demands are placed on strategic monitoring processes as the delay interval lengthens. This hypothesis was examined in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), which are associated with strategic dyscontrol of PM, likely secondary to prefrontostriatal circuit pathology. Seventy-eight seronegative adults and 49 individuals with HAND comprised the study groups, which were comparable with regard to demographic, psychiatric, and substance use factors. As part of a comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation, participants were administered a well-validated PM measure that included short (2-min) and long (15-min) task delay interval scales that utilized a standardized word search as the ongoing task. Results revealed a significant interaction of group and delay interval, with significant effects of HAND on PM at long, but not short, delay. The long-delay PM effect in HAND was driven primarily by deficits in time-based PM and was most strongly associated with markers of executive dysfunction. In concordance with the multiprocess theory, individuals with HAND were disproportionately vulnerable to PM deficits at longer ongoing task delay intervals, which appear to be driven by strategic dyscontrol of PM that is consistent with the preferential disruption of prefrontal systems in neuroAIDS (neurological complications of AIDS). Difficulty with successfully completing PM tasks following a longer delay could manifest in real-world problems, such as medication nonadherence and unemployment, and characterizing this specific deficit may inform remediation strategies.
未来意图编码与检索线索检测之间的延迟间隔是前瞻性记忆（PM）的一个重要特征。麦克丹尼尔和爱因斯坦（2000 年）的多进程理论假设，随着延迟间隔的延长，对策略监测过程的要求会更高。这个假设在与前额叶-纹状体回路病理学相关的 HIV 相关神经认知障碍（HAND）中得到了检验，HAND 与 PM 的策略控制障碍有关，可能是次要的。该研究包括 78 名血清阴性成年人和 49 名 HAND 个体，两组在人口统计学、精神病学和物质使用因素方面具有可比性。作为全面神经心理学评估的一部分，参与者接受了一项经过充分验证的 PM 测量，其中包括短（2 分钟）和长（15 分钟）任务延迟间隔量表，这些量表使用标准化的单词搜索作为持续任务。结果显示，组间和延迟间隔存在显著的交互作用，HAND 对 PM 的影响在长延迟时显著，但在短延迟时不显著。HAND 中的长延迟 PM 效应主要由基于时间的 PM 缺陷驱动，与执行功能障碍的标志物密切相关。与多进程理论一致，HAND 个体在更长的持续任务延迟间隔下更容易出现 PM 缺陷，这似乎是由 PM 的策略控制失调驱动的，这与神经艾滋病（艾滋病的神经并发症）中优先破坏前额叶系统一致。在更长的延迟后成功完成 PM 任务的困难可能会在现实世界中表现为问题，例如药物依从性差和失业，并且描述这种特定缺陷可能会为矫正策略提供信息。
