LaTMA Laboratory for Analytical Toxicology and Metabolomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, San Paolo University Hospital, Via di Rudinì 8 20124 Milan, Italy.
Toxicol Lett. 2012 Apr 25;210(2):189-97. doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.01.017. Epub 2012 Jan 28.
Although rice and corn are two main cash crops in Lombardy (North Italy) and their cultivation involves several thousands of farmers, risk assessment of pesticide exposure is rarely done, especially in small and medium sized enterprises. With the use of pads for environmental monitoring (OECD protocol), of pre- and post-exposure 24h urine collection for biological monitoring and of hand wash for hands' exposure, we measured the exposure of 28 agricultural workers to propanil and terbuthylazine in real-life working conditions. In propanil applicators, median daily exposure on the clothes was 73.5μmol per worker, while the exposure on the skin was 22.4μmol. For terbuthylazine, these exposures were 37.2μmol and 0.86μmol per worker, respectively. Median excretion of the propanil metabolite (3,4-dichloroaniline) after exposure was 84nmol in 24h urine, and 13nmol for the metabolite of terbuthylazine. Risk assessment performed by comparing to the AOELs of the applied active ingredients with an estimated internal dose, obtained based on the measured levels of skin and hand exposure and the percentage of dermal absorption of the active ingredients considered showed that 4 propanil workers, and no terbuthylazine workers, were overexposed. Our study helps define and confirm relationships between different exposure determinants, which can be used in the development of tools for risk assessment of exposure to pesticides in small and medium sized enterprises.
尽管水稻和玉米是伦巴第（意大利北部）的两种主要经济作物，其种植涉及数千名农民，但很少对农药暴露风险进行评估，尤其是在中小企业中。我们使用环境监测垫（OECD 方案）、暴露前和暴露后 24 小时尿液收集进行生物监测以及手部清洗进行手部暴露监测，以测量 28 名农业工人在实际工作条件下接触丙草胺和特丁津的情况。在丙草胺施药者中，工人衣服上的日平均暴露量为 73.5μmol/人，而皮肤上的暴露量为 22.4μmol/人。对于特丁津，这些暴露量分别为 37.2μmol/人和 0.86μmol/人。暴露后丙草胺代谢物（3,4-二氯苯胺）在 24 小时尿液中的排泄中位数为 84nmol，特丁津代谢物为 13nmol。通过将应用的活性成分的 AOEL 与基于测量的皮肤和手部暴露水平以及考虑的活性成分的皮肤吸收率计算得出的估计内部剂量进行比较，对风险进行评估的结果表明，4 名丙草胺工人接触量过高，而没有特丁津工人接触量过高。我们的研究有助于确定和确认不同暴露决定因素之间的关系，这些关系可用于开发中小企业中接触农药风险评估的工具。
