Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 360, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
Protoplasma. 2012 Jun;249 Suppl 2:S109-18. doi: 10.1007/s00709-012-0380-z. Epub 2012 Feb 4.
Flavonoids compose one of the most abundant and important subgroups of secondary metabolites with more than 6,000 compounds detected so far in higher plants. They are found in various compositions and concentrations in nearly all plant tissues. Besides the attraction of pollinators and dispersers to fruits and flowers, flavonoids also protect against a plethora of stresses including pathogen attack, wounding and UV irradiation. Flavonoid content and composition of fruits such as grapes, bilberries, strawberries and apples as well as food extracts such as green tea, wine and chocolate have been associated with fruit quality including taste, colour and health-promoting effects. To unravel the beneficial potentials of flavonoids on fruit quality, research has been focused recently on the molecular basis of flavonoid biosynthesis and regulation in economically important fruit-producing plants such as grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.). Transcription factors and genes encoding biosynthetic enzymes have been characterized, studies that set a benchmark for future research on the regulatory networks controlling flavonoid biosynthesis and diversity. This review summarizes recent advances in the knowledge of regulatory cascades involved in flavonoid biosynthesis in grapevine. Transcriptional regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis during berry development is highlighted, with a particular focus on MYB transcription factors as molecular clocks, key regulators and powerful biotechnological tools to identify novel pathway enzymes to optimize flavonoid content and composition in grapes.
类黄酮是次生代谢产物中最丰富和最重要的亚组之一，迄今为止已在高等植物中检测到超过 6000 种化合物。它们存在于几乎所有植物组织的各种组成和浓度中。除了吸引传粉者和散布者到果实和花朵之外，类黄酮还可以抵御多种压力，包括病原体攻击、创伤和紫外线辐射。葡萄、越橘、草莓和苹果等水果的类黄酮含量和组成以及绿茶、葡萄酒和巧克力等食品提取物与水果的质量有关，包括味道、颜色和促进健康的效果。为了揭示类黄酮对水果质量的有益潜力，最近的研究集中在经济上重要的水果生产植物（如葡萄（Vitis vinifera L.））中类黄酮生物合成和调控的分子基础上。已经对转录因子和生物合成酶的基因进行了表征，这些研究为控制类黄酮生物合成和多样性的调控网络的未来研究奠定了基础。本综述总结了葡萄中类黄酮生物合成相关调控级联的最新进展。强调了果实发育过程中类黄酮生物合成的转录调控，特别关注 MYB 转录因子作为分子钟、关键调节剂和强大的生物技术工具，以鉴定新的途径酶来优化葡萄中的类黄酮含量和组成。
