Department of Psychology, University of Roehampton, London, UK.
Obes Rev. 2012 Mar;13 Suppl 1:85-95. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00939.x.
Strategies to reduce risk of obesity by influencing preschool children's eating behaviour are reviewed. The studies are placed in the context of relevant psychological processes, including inherited and acquired preferences, and behavioural traits, such as food neophobia, 'enjoyment of food' and 'satiety responsiveness'. These are important influences on how children respond to feeding practices, as well as predictors of obesity risk. Nevertheless, in young children, food environment and experience are especially important for establishing eating habits and food preferences. Providing information to parents, or to children, on healthy feeding is insufficient. Acceptance of healthy foods can be encouraged by five to ten repeated tastes. Recent evidence suggests rewarding healthy eating can be successful, even for verbal praise alone, but that palatable foods should not be used as rewards for eating. Intake of healthier foods can be promoted by increasing portion size, especially in the beginning of the meal. Parental strategies of pressuring to eat and restriction do not appear to be causally linked to obesity, but are instead primarily responses to children's eating tendencies and weight. Moderate rather than frequent restriction may improve healthy eating in children. Actively positive social modelling by adults and peers can be effective in encouraging healthier eating.
本文综述了通过影响学龄前儿童的饮食行为来降低肥胖风险的策略。这些研究被置于相关心理过程的背景下，包括遗传和后天的偏好，以及行为特征，如食物厌恶、“享受食物”和“饱腹感反应”。这些因素对儿童如何应对喂养行为有重要影响，也是肥胖风险的预测因素。然而，在幼儿中，食物环境和经验对于建立饮食习惯和食物偏好尤为重要。向父母或儿童提供有关健康喂养的信息是不够的。可以通过五到十次重复品尝来鼓励接受健康食品。最近的证据表明，奖励健康饮食是成功的，即使只是口头表扬，但不应将美味食品用作进食的奖励。通过增加份量可以促进更健康食物的摄入，尤其是在进餐开始时。父母强迫孩子进食和限制孩子进食的策略似乎与肥胖没有因果关系，而是主要是对孩子的进食倾向和体重的反应。适度而不是频繁的限制可能会改善儿童的健康饮食习惯。成年人和同龄人积极的正面社会榜样可以有效地鼓励更健康的饮食。
