Umweltbundesamt GmbH, Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
Chemosphere. 2012 Jun;87(11):1265-72. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.01.033. Epub 2012 Feb 17.
The European Union has defined environmental quality standards (EQSs) for surface waters for priority substances and several other pollutants. Furthermore national EQSs for several chemicals are valid in Austria. The study investigated the occurrence of these compounds in municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents. In a first screening of 15 WWTPs relevant substances were identified, which subsequently were monitored in 9 WWTPs over 1 year (every 2 months). Out of 77 substances or groups of substances (including more than 90 substances) 13 were identified as potentially relevant in respect to water pollution and subjected to the monitoring, whereas most other compounds were detected in concentrations far below the respective EQS for surface waters and therefore not further considered. The preselected 13 compounds for monitoring were cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), selenium (Se), zinc (Zn), diuron, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), di(ethyl-hydroxyl)phthalate (DEHP), tributyltin compounds (TBT), nonylphenoles (NP), adsorbable organic halogens (AOX) and the complexing agents ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) as well as nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA). In the effluents of WWTPs the concentrations of the priority substances Cd, NP, TBT and diuron frequently exceeded the respective EQS, whereas the concentrations for DEHP and Ni were below the respective EQS. The effluent concentrations for AOX, EDTA, NTA, Cu, Se and Zn frequently are in the range or above the Austrian EQS for surface waters. Besides diuron and EDTA all compounds are removed at least partially during wastewater treatment and for most substances the removal via the excess sludge is the major removal pathway. For the 13 compounds which were monitored in WWTP effluents population equivalent specific discharges were calculated. Since for many compounds no or only few information is available, these population equivalent specific discharges can be used to assess emissions from municipal WWTPs to surface waters as well as to make a first assessment of the impact of a discharge on surface waters chemical status. Comparing discharges and river pollution on a load basis, the influence of diffuse sources becomes obvious and therefore should also be taken into consideration in river management.
欧盟已经为优先物质和其他一些污染物制定了地表水的环境质量标准（EQS）。此外，奥地利也有针对几种化学物质的国家 EQS。本研究调查了这些化合物在城市污水处理厂（WWTP）废水中的存在情况。在对 15 个 WWTP 的初步筛选中，确定了相关物质，随后在 1 年内（每 2 个月监测 1 次）对 9 个 WWTP 进行了监测。在 77 种物质或物质组（包括 90 多种物质）中，有 13 种被确定为与水污染有关的潜在相关物质，并进行了监测，而其他大多数化合物的浓度远低于地表水的相应 EQS，因此不再进一步考虑。监测所选的 13 种化合物为镉（Cd）、镍（Ni）、铜（Cu）、硒（Se）、锌（Zn）、二甲戊灵、多溴联苯醚（PBDEs）、邻苯二甲酸二（乙基羟乙基）酯（DEHP）、三丁基锡化合物（TBT）、壬基酚（NP）、可吸附有机卤素（AOX）和络合剂乙二胺四乙酸（EDTA）以及氮川三乙酸（NTA）。在 WWTP 废水中，优先物质 Cd、NP、TBT 和二甲戊灵的浓度经常超过相应的 EQS，而 DEHP 和 Ni 的浓度低于相应的 EQS。AOX、EDTA、NTA、Cu、Se 和 Zn 的废水浓度经常在奥地利地表水 EQS 范围内或以上。除二甲戊灵和 EDTA 外，所有化合物在废水处理过程中至少部分被去除，对于大多数物质，通过剩余污泥是主要的去除途径。对在 WWTP 废水中监测到的 13 种化合物进行了人群等效特定排放量的计算。由于许多化合物没有或只有很少的信息，因此这些人群等效特定排放量可用于评估城市 WWTP 向地表水的排放以及对地表水化学状况的初步评估。基于负荷比较排放和河流污染，可见弥散源的影响，因此在河流管理中也应考虑到这一点。
