Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, MIP-UFF, Rua Professor Hernani Melo 101, São Domingos, Niterói, 24210-130, RJ, Brazil.
Parasit Vectors. 2012 Feb 20;5:42. doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-5-42.
Since the original description and naming of Ascaris lumbricoides from humans by Linnaeus in 1758 and later of Ascaris suum from pigs by Goeze 1782, these species have been considered to be valid. Four hypotheses relative to the conspecificity or lack thereof (and thus origin of these species) are possible: 1) Ascaris lumbricoides (usually infecting humans) and Ascaris suum (recorded mostly from pigs) are both valid species, with the two species originating via a speciation event from a common ancestor sometime before the domestication of pigs by humans, or 2) Ascaris lumbricoides in humans is derived directly from the species A. suum found in pigs with A. suum then existing as a persistent ancestor after formation of A. lumbricoides, or 3) Ascaris suum is derived directly from A. lumbricoides with the persistent ancestor being A. lumbricoides and A. suum being the newly derived species, and finally, 4) Ascaris lumbricoides and A. suum are the same species, this hypothesis being supported by studies showing both low morphological and low genetic divergence at several genes. We present and discuss paleoparasitological and genetic evidence that complement new data to evaluate the origin and evolution of Ascaris spp. in humans and pigs, and the uniqueness of the species in both hosts. Finally, we conclude that Ascaris lumbricoides and A. suum are a single species and that the name A. lumbricoides Linnaeus 1758 has taxonomic priority; therefore A. suum Goeze 1782 should be considered a synonym of A. lumbricoides.
自 1758 年林奈（Linnaeus）首次描述并命名人类蛔虫（Ascaris lumbricoides）以及 1782 年 Goeze 描述并命名猪蛔虫（Ascaris suum）以来，这两个物种一直被认为是有效的。关于这两个物种的同物或非同物（因此这两个物种的起源）有以下四个假说：1）人类蛔虫（通常感染人类）和猪蛔虫（主要记录于猪）是两个有效物种，这两个物种起源于人类驯化猪之前的某个共同祖先的物种形成事件，或者 2）人类体内的蛔虫（A. lumbricoides）直接来源于猪体内发现的 A. suum 物种，而 A. suum 则在形成 A. lumbricoides 后作为一个持久的祖先存在，或者 3）猪蛔虫（A. suum）直接来源于 A. lumbricoides，持久的祖先为 A. lumbricoides，而 A. suum 是新衍生的物种，最后，4）Ascaris lumbricoides 和 A. suum 是同一物种，这一假说得到了一些研究的支持，这些研究表明在几个基因上形态和遗传分化都很低。我们提出并讨论了古寄生虫学和遗传证据，这些证据补充了新数据，以评估 Ascaris spp. 在人类和猪中的起源和进化，以及这两个宿主中物种的独特性。最后，我们得出结论，Ascaris lumbricoides 和 A. suum 是一个单一的物种，并且林奈（Linnaeus）1758 年命名的 A. lumbricoides 具有分类学优先权；因此，Goeze 1782 年命名的 A. suum 应被视为 A. lumbricoides 的同义词。
