Richter Darko
University Department of Pediatrics, Zagreb University Hospital Center, Zagreb, Croatia.
Acta Med Croatica. 2011;65(2):163-8.
Allergic rhinitis is the most prevalent form of chronic rhinitis in children. It is driven by allergic inflammation and is commonly associated with other atopic diseases such as asthma and atopic eczema. The main allergens are primarily aeroallergens: house dust mite, and tree, grass and weed pollen. It is, however, not exceptional to experience symptoms of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis in conjunction with food allergy and oral food allergy syndrome, especially in infants and toddlers. Allergic rhinitis is often associated with allergic asthma, either preceding it, or developing later and making it more difficult to treat. The mainstay of treatment is exposure prophylaxis, antihistamines, leukotriene antagonists and intranasal corticosteroids. Allergic rhinitis is one of the prime indications for specific allergen immunotherapy, which may have a preventive effect on the development of asthma. Allergic rhinitis associated with intermittent or mild persistent asthma may be a good indication for concomitant combination treatment with antihistamines and leukotriene antagonists. Intranasal corticosteroids should not be withheld in more severe forms. Shortterm (up to 3 months) use of intranasal corticosteroids has not been associated with any significant local or systemic side effects.
变应性鼻炎是儿童慢性鼻炎最常见的形式。它由变应性炎症驱动，通常与其他特应性疾病如哮喘和特应性皮炎相关。主要变应原主要是气传变应原：屋尘螨、树、草和杂草花粉。然而，在食物过敏和口部食物过敏综合征时出现变应性鼻结膜炎症状并不罕见，尤其是在婴幼儿中。变应性鼻炎常与变应性哮喘相关，要么在其之前出现，要么随后发生并使其更难治疗。治疗的主要方法是避免接触变应原、使用抗组胺药、白三烯拮抗剂和鼻用糖皮质激素。变应性鼻炎是特异性变应原免疫治疗的主要适应证之一，其可能对哮喘的发展有预防作用。与间歇性或轻度持续性哮喘相关的变应性鼻炎可能是抗组胺药和白三烯拮抗剂联合治疗的良好适应证。对于更严重的类型，不应停用鼻用糖皮质激素。短期（长达3个月）使用鼻用糖皮质激素未发现有任何显著的局部或全身副作用。
