Levenson R W, Ekman P, Friesen W V
Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley 94720.
Psychophysiology. 1990 Jul;27(4):363-84. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1990.tb02330.x.
Four experiments were conducted to determine whether voluntarily produced emotional facial configurations are associated with differentiated patterns of autonomic activity, and if so, how this might be mediated. Subjects received muscle-by-muscle instructions and coaching to produce facial configurations for anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise while heart rate, skin conductance, finger temperature, and somatic activity were monitored. Results indicated that voluntary facial activity produced significant levels of subjective experience of the associated emotion, and that autonomic distinctions among emotions: (a) were found both between negative and positive emotions and among negative emotions, (b) were consistent between group and individual subjects' data, (c) were found in both male and female subjects, (d) were found in both specialized (actors, scientists) and nonspecialized populations, (e) were stronger when the voluntary facial configurations most closely resembled actual emotional expressions, and (f) were stronger when experience of the associated emotion was reported. The capacity of voluntary facial activity to generate emotion-specific autonomic activity: (a) did not require subjects to see facial expressions (either in a mirror or on an experimenter's face), and (b) could not be explained by differences in the difficulty of making the expressions or by differences in concomitant somatic activity.
进行了四项实验，以确定自愿产生的情绪性面部表情是否与自主活动的不同模式相关联，如果是这样，这种关联是如何介导的。受试者接受逐块肌肉的指导和训练，以做出愤怒、厌恶、恐惧、快乐、悲伤和惊讶的面部表情，同时监测心率、皮肤电导率、手指温度和躯体活动。结果表明，自愿的面部活动产生了与相关情绪显著水平的主观体验，并且情绪之间的自主差异：(a) 在消极情绪和积极情绪之间以及消极情绪之间均被发现，(b) 在组数据和个体受试者数据之间是一致的，(c) 在男性和女性受试者中均被发现，(d) 在专业人群（演员、科学家）和非专业人群中均被发现，(e) 当自愿的面部表情与实际情绪表达最相似时更强，以及(f) 当报告相关情绪的体验时更强。自愿面部活动产生特定情绪自主活动的能力：(a) 不需要受试者看到面部表情（无论是在镜子中还是在实验者脸上），并且(b) 不能用做出表情的难度差异或伴随的躯体活动差异来解释。
