Facial reactions, autonomic activity and experienced emotion: a three component model of emotional conditioning.

The present study was designed to evaluate whether aversively conditioned responses to facial stimuli are detectable in all three components of the emotional response system, i.e. the expressive/behavioral, the physiological/autonomic and the cognitive/experienced component of emotion. Two groups of subjects were conditioned to angry or happy facial expression stimuli using a 100 dB noise as UCS in a differential aversive conditioning paradigm. The three components of the emotional response system were measured as: Facial-EMG reactions (corrugator and zygomatic muscle regions); autonomic activity (skin conductance, SCR; SCR half recovery time, T/2; heart rate, HR); and ratings of experienced emotion. It was found that responses in all components of the emotional response system were detectable in the angry group as greater EMG and autonomic resistance to extinction and greater self-reported fear. More specifically the angry group showed a resistant conditioning effect for the facial-EMG corrugator muscle that was accompanied by resistant conditioning for SCR frequency, slower SCR recovery, resistant conditioning in HR and a higher self-reported fear than the happy group. Thus, aversive conditioning to angry facial stimuli induce a uniform negative emotional response pattern as indicated by all three components of the emotional response system. These data suggest that a negative 'affect program' triggers responses in the different emotional components. The results suggest that human subjects are biologically prepared to react with a negative emotion to angry facial stimuli.