Department of Psychology, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan.
Int J Psychol. 2013;48(3):254-62. doi: 10.1080/00207594.2011.645485. Epub 2012 Mar 1.
Despite close relationships between men and women in daily lives, gender inequality is ubiquitous and often supported by sexist ideology. The understanding of potential bases of sexist ideology is thus important. According to Duckitt's dual-process model (2001), different worldviews may explain different types of sexist ideology. Individuals who hold a "competitive world" worldview tend to endorse group-based dominance. This lends itself to the endorsement of hostile sexism, because hostile sexism is an obvious form of male dominance. Conversely, individuals who hold a "dangerous world" worldview tend to adhere to social cohesion, collective security, and social traditions. This lends itself to the endorsement of benevolent sexism, because benevolent sexism values women who conform to gender norms. As predicted by Duckitt's model, research has shown that social dominance orientation, a general orientation towards the endorsement of group-based dominance, is closely associated with hostile sexism. Furthermore, right-wing authoritarianism, which measures adherence to social traditions, is closely associated with benevolent sexism. Due to the interdependent nature of gender relationships, the current research proposed that a relationship-based belief in hierarchy, deferential family norms, and norms depicting proper manners among family members should predict the endorsement of hostile and benevolent sexism, after controlling for social dominance orientation and right-wing authoritarianism. As predicted, according to student samples collected in Taiwan and the US, the endorsement of deferential family norms predicted the endorsement of hostile sexism and of benevolent sexism, respectively. In addition, among men and women, social dominance orientation predicted hostile sexism more strongly (as opposed to benevolent sexism), whereas right-wing authoritarianism predicted benevolent sexism more strongly (as opposed to hostile sexism). Implications regarding relationship norms, social dominance orientation, right-wing authoritarianism, and sexist ideology are discussed.
尽管男性和女性在日常生活中关系密切，但性别不平等普遍存在，而且往往得到性别歧视意识形态的支持。因此，了解潜在的性别歧视意识形态基础是很重要的。根据 Duckitt 的双过程模型（2001），不同的世界观可能解释不同类型的性别歧视意识形态。持有“竞争世界”世界观的个体倾向于支持基于群体的支配地位。这使得他们支持敌意性别歧视，因为敌意性别歧视是男性支配的明显形式。相反，持有“危险世界”世界观的个体倾向于坚持社会凝聚力、集体安全和社会传统。这使得他们支持仁慈性别歧视，因为仁慈性别歧视重视符合性别规范的女性。正如 Duckitt 模型所预测的那样，研究表明，社会支配倾向，即支持基于群体的支配的一般倾向，与敌意性别歧视密切相关。此外，衡量对社会传统的遵守程度的右翼威权主义，与仁慈性别歧视密切相关。由于性别关系的相互依存性质，目前的研究提出，基于关系的等级信念、顺从的家庭规范以及描绘家庭成员之间得体举止的规范，在控制社会支配倾向和右翼威权主义后，应该预测对敌意和仁慈性别歧视的支持。正如预测的那样，根据在台湾和美国收集的学生样本，顺从的家庭规范的支持分别预测了敌意性别歧视和仁慈性别歧视的支持。此外，在男性和女性中，社会支配倾向对敌意性别歧视的预测作用更强（而不是仁慈性别歧视），而右翼威权主义对仁慈性别歧视的预测作用更强（而不是敌意性别歧视）。讨论了关系规范、社会支配倾向、右翼威权主义和性别歧视意识形态的含义。
