Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
Annu Rev Food Sci Technol. 2012;3:331-52. doi: 10.1146/annurev-food-022811-101234. Epub 2011 Nov 7.
Human norovirus (HuNoV) is the leading causative agent of foodborne disease outbreaks worldwide. HuNoV is highly stable, contagious, and only a few virus particles can cause illness. However, HuNoV is difficult to study because of the lack of an efficient in vitro cell culture system or a small animal model. To date, there is very limited information available about the biology of HuNoV, with most data coming from the study of surrogates, such as HuNoV virus-like particle (VLP), murine norovirus (MNV), and feline calicivirus (FCV). High-risk foods for HuNoV contamination include seafood, fresh produce, and ready-to-eat foods. Currently, there is no effective measure to control HuNoV outbreaks; thus, development of food-processing technologies to inactivate HuNoV in these high-risk foods is urgently needed. Although a VLP-based vaccine induces humoral, mucosal, and cellular immunities in animals and currently is in human clinical trials, development of other new vaccine candidates, such as live vectored vaccines, should be considered. Recent evidence suggests that blockage of virus-receptor interaction may be a promising antiviral target. To enhance our capability to combat this important agent, there is an urgent need to develop multidisciplinary, multi-institutional integrated research and to implement food virology education and extension programs nationwide.
人类诺如病毒（HuNoV）是全球食源性疾病暴发的主要病原体。HuNoV 具有高度稳定性、传染性，只需少量病毒颗粒即可致病。然而，由于缺乏有效的体外细胞培养系统或小动物模型，HuNoV 难以研究。迄今为止，关于 HuNoV 的生物学特性的信息非常有限，大多数数据来自于替代物的研究，如 HuNoV 病毒样颗粒（VLP）、鼠诺如病毒（MNV）和猫杯状病毒（FCV）。易受 HuNoV 污染的高危食品包括海鲜、新鲜农产品和即食食品。目前，尚无有效措施来控制 HuNoV 暴发；因此，迫切需要开发食品加工技术来灭活这些高危食品中的 HuNoV。虽然基于 VLP 的疫苗可在动物中诱导体液、黏膜和细胞免疫，目前正在进行人体临床试验，但应考虑开发其他新的疫苗候选物，如活载体疫苗。最近的证据表明，阻断病毒-受体相互作用可能是一种有前途的抗病毒靶点。为了增强我们对抗这一重要病原体的能力，迫切需要开展多学科、多机构的综合研究，并在全国范围内实施食品病毒学教育和推广计划。
