Parrott Andrew C, Murphy Rachel S
Department of Psychology, Swansea University, UK.
Hum Psychopharmacol. 2012 Mar;27(2):150-5. doi: 10.1002/hup.1247.
To explain how nicotine dependency causes mood fluctuation and increases daily stress.
Prospective studies show that taking-up smoking leads to higher stress and depression. Cross-sectional studies show that adult smokers report more irritability, stress and depression than non-smokers. Prospective studies show that smoking cessation leads to enduring mood gains. The adverse mood effects of nicotine dependency are explained by the deprivation reversal model. In between cigarettes, most smokers experience subtle abstinence symptoms, and cumulatively these can increase everyday stress. Hence, adolescents who take up smoking become more stressed, and quitting reduces stress. An explanatory leaflet to explain this model was empirically assessed with tobacco smokers.
In a cohort study of 82 cigarette smokers, knowledge levels were significantly enhanced by the explanatory leaflet, and this understanding was maintained 1 week later. Hence, normal cigarette smokers can understand the adverse mood consequences of nicotine addiction. The information leaflet could prove useful for tobacco-education packages in schools, and smoking-cessation packages with adults.
The deprivation reversal model can be easily described using a simple leaflet. It explains how nicotine dependency can cause mood fluctuation, and outlines the psychological benefits of quitting.
解释尼古丁依赖如何导致情绪波动并增加日常压力。
前瞻性研究表明，开始吸烟会导致更高的压力和抑郁。横断面研究表明，成年吸烟者比不吸烟者报告更多的易怒、压力和抑郁。前瞻性研究表明，戒烟会带来持久的情绪改善。尼古丁依赖的不良情绪影响由剥夺逆转模型解释。在两次吸烟之间，大多数吸烟者会经历轻微的戒断症状，累积起来这些症状会增加日常压力。因此，开始吸烟的青少年压力会更大，而戒烟则会减轻压力。用吸烟者对一份解释该模型的说明手册进行了实证评估。
在一项对82名吸烟者的队列研究中，说明手册显著提高了知识水平，并且这种理解在1周后仍得以保持。因此，普通吸烟者能够理解尼古丁成瘾对情绪的不良后果。该信息手册可能对学校的烟草教育套餐以及针对成年人的戒烟套餐有用。
剥夺逆转模型可以通过一份简单的手册轻松描述。它解释了尼古丁依赖如何导致情绪波动，并概述了戒烟的心理益处。
