Gallmann Lukas, Cirelli Claudio, Keller Ursula
Physics Department, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Switzerland.
Annu Rev Phys Chem. 2012;63:447-69. doi: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-032511-143702. Epub 2012 Jan 30.
We review the first ten years of attosecond science with a selection of recent highlights and trends and give an outlook on future directions. After introducing the main spectroscopic tools, we give recent examples of representative experiments employing them. Some of the most fundamental processes in nature have been studied with some results initiating controversial discussions. Experiments on the dynamics of single-photon ionization illustrate the importance of subtle effects on such extreme timescales and lead us to question some of the well-established assumptions in this field. Attosecond transient absorption, as the first all-optical approach to resolve attosecond dynamics, has been used to study electron wave packet interferences in helium. The attoclock, a recent method providing attosecond time resolution without the explicit need for attosecond pulses, has been used to investigate electron tunneling dynamics and geometry. Pushing the frontiers in attosecond quantum mechanics with increasing temporal and spatial resolution and often limited theoretical models results in unexpected observations. At the same time, attosecond science continues to expand into more complex solid-state and molecular systems, where it starts to have impact beyond its traditional grounds.
我们回顾阿秒科学的头十年，精选近期的亮点和趋势，并展望未来的发展方向。在介绍主要的光谱学工具之后，我们给出近期使用这些工具的代表性实验示例。自然界中一些最基本的过程已得到研究，一些结果引发了有争议的讨论。单光子电离动力学实验说明了在如此极端时间尺度上微妙效应的重要性，并促使我们质疑该领域一些已确立的假设。阿秒瞬态吸收作为解析阿秒动力学的首个全光学方法，已被用于研究氦气中的电子波包干涉。阿秒时钟是一种近期的方法，无需明确使用阿秒脉冲就能提供阿秒时间分辨率，已被用于研究电子隧穿动力学和几何结构。随着时间和空间分辨率的提高以及理论模型往往有限，在阿秒量子力学领域不断拓展前沿会带来意想不到的观测结果。与此同时，阿秒科学不断扩展到更复杂的固态和分子系统，开始在其传统领域之外产生影响。
