Mycopathology and Microbial Technology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
Microb Ecol. 2012 Aug;64(2):388-98. doi: 10.1007/s00248-012-0029-7. Epub 2012 Mar 20.
A total of 1,151 endophytic fungal isolates representing 29 taxa were isolated from symptom-less, surface-sterilized segments of stem, leaf, petiole, and root of Tinospora cordifolia which had been collected at three locations differing in air pollution in India (Ramnagar, Banaras Hindu University, Maruadih) during three seasons (summer, monsoon, winter). Endophytes were most abundant in leaf tissues (29.38% of all isolates), followed by stem (18.16%), petiole (10.11%), and root segments (6.27%). The frequency of colonization (CF) varied more strongly among tissue type and season than location. CF was maximal during monsoon followed by winter and minimal during summer. A species each of Guignardia and Acremonium could only be isolated from leaves, whereas all other species occurred in at least two tissue types. Penicillium spp. were dominant (12.62% of all isolates), followed by Colletotrichum spp. (11.8%), Cladosporium spp. (8.9%), Chaetomium globosum (8.1%), Curvularia spp. (7.6%), and Alternaria alternata (6.8%). Species richness, evenness, and the Shannon-Wiener diversity index followed the same pattern as the CF with the tissue type and the season having the greatest effect on these indices, suggesting that tissue type and season are more influential than geography. Dissimilarity of endophyte communities in regards to species composition was highest among seasons. Colletotrichum linicola occurred almost exclusively in winter, Fusarium oxysporum only in winter and summer but never during monsoon and Curvularia lunata only in winter and during monsoon but never in summer. Emissions of NO(2), SO(2), and suspended particulate matter were negatively correlated with the CF. Ozone did not have any effect. The frequency of most species declined with increasing pollution, but some showed an opposite trend (e.g., Aspergillus flavus). Five unnamed taxa (sterile mycelia) were identified as Aspergillus tubingensis, Colletotrichum crassipes, Botryosphaeria rhodina, Aspergillus sydowii, and Pseudofusicoccum violaceum, using molecular tools. Fifteen of the 29 endophyte taxa exhibited antibacterial activity. B. rhodina (JQ031157) and C. globosum showed activity against all bacterial human pathogens tested, with the former showing higher activity than the latter.
从印度三个空气污染程度不同的地点（拉尼冈、贝拿勒斯印度教大学、马鲁阿迪）采集的无症状、表面消毒的茎段、叶段、叶柄和根段中分离到 1151 株内生真菌，代表 29 个分类群。内生真菌在叶组织中最为丰富（占所有分离株的 29.38%），其次是茎（18.16%）、叶柄（10.11%）和根段（6.27%）。组织类型和季节之间的定殖频率（CF）变化比地点更为强烈。CF 在雨季最大，其次是冬季，夏季最小。只有一种青霉菌和节菱孢菌只能从叶片中分离到，而其他所有物种都至少出现在两种组织类型中。青霉菌属（12.62%的所有分离株）是优势种群，其次是炭疽菌属（11.8%）、枝孢属（8.9%）、球毛壳菌（8.1%）、弯孢菌属（7.6%）和交替单胞菌属（6.8%）。物种丰富度、均匀度和香农-威纳多样性指数与 CF 呈相同模式，组织类型和季节对这些指数的影响最大，这表明地理因素的影响不如组织类型和季节大。关于物种组成，内生真菌群落的相似性在季节之间最高。胶孢炭疽菌几乎只在冬季出现，尖孢镰刀菌只在冬季和夏季出现，但从不出现在雨季，而旋孢腔菌只在冬季和雨季出现，但从不出现在夏季。NO2、SO2 和悬浮颗粒物的排放量与 CF 呈负相关。臭氧没有任何影响。随着污染的增加，大多数物种的频率下降，但有些物种表现出相反的趋势（例如，黄曲霉）。使用分子工具，将 5 个未命名的分类群（无菌菌丝）鉴定为构巢曲霉、炭疽菌、胶孢炭疽菌、球毛壳菌和拟青霉。29 种内生真菌中有 15 种具有抗菌活性。B. rhodina（JQ031157）和 C. globosum 对所有测试的人类细菌病原体均表现出活性，前者的活性高于后者。
