Medium to high throughput screening: microfabrication and chip-based technology.

Medium to high throughput screening for toxicity testing can provide a wealth of information with significant time and cost savings. New technologies, such as microfabrication, microfluidics and chip-based technology, combined with advanced cell culture and detection techniques, open up new opportunities in toxicity testing. In this chapter, fundamentals of microfabrication and microfluidics are discussed with a focus on the broad and novel applications on toxicity studies enabled by these technologies. Emphasis is placed on microscale cell and tissue culture models for medium and high throughput systemic toxicity studies in vitro.