Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, USA.
Health Econ. 2013 Apr;22(4):410-27. doi: 10.1002/hec.2809. Epub 2012 Mar 22.
Almost nine million children under 5 years of age die every year. Diarrhea is considered to be the second leading cause of under-five mortality in developing countries. About one out of five deaths is caused by diarrhea. In this paper, we use the newly available data set District Level Household Survey 3 to quantify the impact of access to improved sanitation on diarrheal morbidity for children less than 5 years of age in India. Using propensity score matching, we find that access to improved sanitation reduces the risk of contracting diarrhea by 2.2 percentage points. There is considerable heterogeneity in the impacts of improved sanitation. We find statistically insignificant treatment effects for children in low or middle socioeconomic status households and for girls; however, boys and children in high socioeconomic status households experienced economically significant treatment effects. The magnitude of the treatment effect differs largely by hygiene behavior.
每年约有 900 万名 5 岁以下儿童死亡。腹泻被认为是发展中国家导致 5 岁以下儿童死亡的第二大主要原因。约五分之一的死亡是由腹泻引起的。在本文中，我们利用新获得的数据集“地区层面家庭调查 3”，量化了获得改良卫生设施对印度 5 岁以下儿童腹泻发病率的影响。通过倾向得分匹配，我们发现，获得改良卫生设施可使腹泻发病风险降低 2.2 个百分点。改良卫生设施的影响存在相当大的异质性。我们发现，对于社会经济地位较低或中等的家庭的儿童以及女孩，其治疗效果没有统计学意义；然而，男孩和社会经济地位较高的家庭的儿童则经历了具有经济意义的治疗效果。治疗效果的大小在很大程度上因卫生行为而异。
