1INRA, ONIRIS, UMR1300 Bio-agression, épidémiologie et analyse de risque en santé animale, F-44307 Nantes, France.
Animal. 2010 Sep;4(9):1588-96. doi: 10.1017/S1751731110000650.
Enteric and respiratory diseases are the most frequent health disorders of calves. They are associated with mortality or lower growth rate and induce treatment costs. Enteric and respiratory pathogens can be transmitted via contacts between calves, which depend on calf housing systems and management. This study aimed at describing the main calf housing systems across Europe and at assessing the consequences of such housing facilities in terms of risk for calf infectious diseases. This was done through the use of a questionnaire distributed to experts in epidemiology and cattle farming systems in each European country. A literature review was performed on the risk factors associated with calf infectious diseases transmission and targeted in the questionnaire. Answers from 14 countries were obtained. A wide range of housing systems were described. However, four main systems could be identified and ranked in ascending order of risk for neonatal diarrhoea and respiratory infectious diseases: individual pen until weaning, individual pen for 4 weeks, individual pen for 2 weeks, and collective pen from the separation of the calf with its dam. Although the housing systems are known to play a role in disease transmission, they are currently not fully described in literature concerning risk factors for calf infectious diseases. In a given farm, the risk assessment for calf infectious diseases should consider classical risk factors such as hygiene, feeding practices and air conditioning, on top of a precise description of the housing system.
肠病和呼吸道疾病是犊牛最常见的健康障碍。它们与死亡率或生长速度降低有关，并导致治疗成本增加。肠病和呼吸道病原体可以通过犊牛之间的接触传播，而接触的可能性取决于犊牛的饲养系统和管理方式。本研究旨在描述欧洲主要的犊牛饲养系统，并评估这些饲养设施在犊牛传染病风险方面的后果。这是通过向每个欧洲国家的流行病学和奶牛养殖系统专家分发问卷来完成的。对与犊牛传染病传播相关的风险因素进行了文献回顾，并在问卷中进行了针对性调查。从 14 个国家获得了答复。描述了各种各样的饲养系统。然而，可以确定并按风险从高到低对 4 种主要系统进行排序，分别是：断奶前的单个畜栏、4 周的单个畜栏、2 周的单个畜栏和母子分离后的集体畜栏。尽管饲养系统已知会在疾病传播中发挥作用，但目前在有关犊牛传染病风险因素的文献中并未对其进行全面描述。在特定的农场中，犊牛传染病的风险评估除了要对饲养系统进行精确描述外，还应考虑卫生、饲养实践和空调等经典风险因素。
