Differential intron loss and endosymbiotic transfer of chloroplast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase genes to the nucleus.

Chloroplast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is composed of two different subunits, GAPA and GAPB, which are encoded in the nucleus by two related genes of eubacterial origin. In the present work the genes encoding chloroplast GAPA and GAPB from pea have been cloned and sequenced. The gene for GAPB is split by eight introns. Two introns interrupt the region encoding the transit peptide and six are found within the region encoding the mature subunit, four of which are in identical or similar positions relative to genes for cytosolic GAPDH of eukaryotic organisms. As opposed to this, the gene encoding pea GAPA has only two introns in the region encoding the mature subunit. These findings strongly support the "intron early" hypothesis and suggest that the low number of introns in the gene for chloroplast GAPA is due to differential loss of introns during the streamlining period of the chloroplast genome following the GAPB/GAPA separation. We deduce from this that eubacteria and chloroplasts contained GT-AG introns until relatively recently and that the duplication event leading to the genes encoding GAPB and GAPA and their respective transit peptides occurred in the chloroplast progenitor prior to the successive transfer and functional reintegration of these genes into the nuclear environment. These conclusions imply that GAPA/GAPB transit peptides are of eubacterial origin.