Wienhold B J, Taylor D B
USDA-ARS, Agroecosystem Management Research Unit, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
Environ Entomol. 2012 Apr;41(2):213-21. doi: 10.1603/EN11242.
Residues at sites where stationary feeders were used to provide hay as supplemental forage for cattle during the winter are developmental substrates for immature stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), in the central United States. Spatial patterns in physical (substrate depth, temperature, water content), chemical (pH, electrical conductivity [EC(lab)], total nitrogen [N] and carbon [C], ammoniacal nitrogen [NH(4)-N], extractable phosphorus [P]), and biological (microbial respiration rate) substrate properties for two feeding sites were estimated and the correlations between these properties and adult emergence were characterized. Hay feeding sites had a circular footprint with residues extending ≈7 m from the feeder. With the exception of extractable P and total N, all substrate properties exhibited spatial patterns centered on the feeder location. Adult stable fly emergence densities were significantly correlated with substrate microbial respiration rate, NH(4)-N concentration, EC(lab), total C concentration, pH, and moisture content. Logistic regression indicated that EC best predicted the probability of stable flies emerging from a substrate and that the other properties did not provide additional information. A better understanding of the physical, chemical, and biological conditions needed for stable fly larval development may help in identifying previously unrecognized developmental habitats and management of this pest. Targeted implementation of management practices such as sanitation and chemical treatments can be applied to smaller areas reducing labor and improving cost effectiveness.
在美国中部，冬季使用固定喂料器为牛提供干草作为补充饲料的地点的残留物，是未成熟厩螫蝇（Stomoxys calcitrans (L.)）的发育基质。对两个喂食地点的物理（基质深度、温度、含水量）、化学（pH值、电导率[实验室测定]、总氮[N]和碳[C]、氨态氮[NH₄-N]、可提取磷[P]）和生物（微生物呼吸速率）基质特性的空间模式进行了估计，并对这些特性与成虫羽化之间的相关性进行了表征。干草喂食地点有一个圆形足迹，残留物从喂料器延伸约7米。除了可提取的P和总N外，所有基质特性都呈现出以喂料器位置为中心的空间模式。成虫厩螫蝇羽化密度与基质微生物呼吸速率、NH₄-N浓度、实验室测定的电导率、总C浓度、pH值和含水量显著相关。逻辑回归表明，电导率最能预测厩螫蝇从基质中羽化的概率，而其他特性没有提供额外信息。更好地了解厩螫蝇幼虫发育所需的物理、化学和生物条件，可能有助于识别以前未被认识的发育栖息地并对这种害虫进行管理。有针对性地实施卫生和化学处理等管理措施，可以应用于较小的区域，从而减少劳动力并提高成本效益。
