CBQF/Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
Sci Total Environ. 2012 Jun 1;426:366-74. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.03.046. Epub 2012 Apr 20.
Pseudomonas spp. are common inhabitants of aquatic environments, including drinking water. Multi-antibiotic resistance in clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa is widely reported and deeply characterized. However, the information regarding other species and environmental isolates of this genus is scant. This study was designed based on the hypothesis that members of the genus Pseudomonas given their high prevalence, wide distribution in waters and genetic plasticity can be important reservoirs of antibiotic resistance in drinking water. With this aim, the diversity and antibiotic resistance phenotypes of Pseudomonas isolated from different drinking water sources were evaluated. The genotypic diversity analyses were based on six housekeeping genes (16S rRNA, rpoD, rpoB, gyrB, recA and ITS) and on pulsed field gel electrophoresis. Susceptibility to 21 antibiotics of eight classes was tested using the ATB PSE EU (08) and disk diffusion methods. Pseudomonas spp. were isolated from 14 of the 32 sampled sites. A total of 55 non-repetitive isolates were affiliated to twenty species. Although the same species were isolated from different sampling sites, identical genotypes were never observed in distinct types of water (water treatment plant/distribution system, tap water, cup fillers, biofilm, and mineral water). In general, the prevalence of antibiotic resistance was low and often the resistance patterns were related with the species and/or the strain genotype. Resistance to ticarcillin, ticarcillin with clavulanic acid, fosfomycin and cotrimoxazol were the most prevalent (69-84%). No resistance to piperacillin, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin, imipenem or meropenem was observed. This study demonstrates that Pseudomonas spp. are not so widespread in drinking water as commonly assumed. Nevertheless, it suggests that water Pseudomonas can spread acquired antibiotic resistance, preferentially via vertical transmission.
铜绿假单胞菌是水生环境（包括饮用水）中的常见居民。临床分离的铜绿假单胞菌的多抗生素耐药性已被广泛报道并深入研究。然而，关于该属其他物种和环境分离株的信息却很少。本研究基于以下假设：由于假单胞菌属成员在水中广泛分布且具有较高的流行率和遗传可塑性，因此它们可能是饮用水中抗生素耐药性的重要储库。为此，评估了来自不同饮用水源的假单胞菌的多样性和抗生素耐药表型。基于六个管家基因（16S rRNA、rpoD、rpoB、gyrB、recA 和 ITS）和脉冲场凝胶电泳进行了基因型多样性分析。使用 ATB PSE EU（08）和圆盘扩散法测试了 8 类 21 种抗生素的敏感性。从 32 个采样点中分离出 14 株假单胞菌。总共分离出 55 个非重复分离株，归属于 20 个种。尽管从不同的采样点分离出相同的物种，但在不同类型的水中从未观察到相同的基因型（水处理厂/分配系统、自来水、杯式饮水机、生物膜和矿泉水）。总的来说，抗生素耐药性的流行率较低，而且耐药模式通常与物种和/或菌株基因型有关。对替卡西林、替卡西林加克拉维酸、磷霉素和复方磺胺甲噁唑的耐药性最为普遍（69-84%）。未观察到对哌拉西林、左氧氟沙星、环丙沙星、四环素、庆大霉素、妥布霉素、阿米卡星、亚胺培南或美罗培南的耐药性。本研究表明，假单胞菌属在饮用水中的分布并不像通常认为的那样广泛。然而，它表明水假单胞菌可以通过垂直传播传播获得的抗生素耐药性。
