Water Technology Center Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany.
Anal Bioanal Chem. 2012 Jul;403(9):2503-18. doi: 10.1007/s00216-012-5892-z. Epub 2012 Apr 28.
An overview is given of existing trace analytical methods for the determination of seven popular artificial sweeteners [acesulfame (ACE), aspartame, cyclamate (CYC), neotame, neohesperidine dihydrochalcone, saccharin (SAC), and sucralose (SUC)] from aqueous environmental samples. Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry are the methods most widely applied, either directly or after solid-phase extraction. Limits of detection and limits of quantification down to the low nanogram per liter range can be achieved. ACE, CYC, SAC, and SUC were detected in wastewater treatment plants in high microgram per liter concentrations. Per capita loads of individual sweeteners can vary within a wide range depending on their use in different countries. Whereas CYC and SAC are usually degraded by more than 90% during wastewater treatment, ACE and SUC pass through wastewater treatment plants mainly unchanged. This suggests their use as virtually perfect markers for the study of the impact of wastewater on source waters and drinking waters. In finished water of drinking water treatment plants using surface-water-influenced source water, ACE and SUC were detected in concentrations up to 7 and 2.4 μg/L, respectively. ACE was identified as a precursor of oxidation byproducts during ozonation, resulting in an aldehyde intermediate and acetic acid. Although the concentrations of ACE and SUC are among the highest measured for anthropogenic trace pollutants found in surface water, groundwater, and drinking water, the levels are at least three orders of magnitude lower than organoleptic threshold values. However, ecotoxicology studies are scarce and have focused on SUC. Thus, further research is needed both on identification of transformation products and on the ecotoxicological impact of artificial sweeteners and their transformation products.
概述了从水相环境样品中测定七种常用人工甜味剂（乙酰磺胺酸钾（ACE）、阿斯巴甜、环己基氨基磺酸钠（CYC）、纽甜、新橙皮苷二氢查尔酮、糖精（SAC）和三氯蔗糖（SUC））的现有痕量分析方法。液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱和液相色谱-电喷雾高分辨质谱是应用最广泛的方法，无论是直接应用还是固相萃取后应用。检测限和定量限均可达到低纳克每升范围。在污水处理厂中，ACE、CYC、SAC 和 SUC 的浓度高达微克每升。由于各国对甜味剂的使用情况不同，个体甜味剂的人均负荷差异很大。CYC 和 SAC 在污水处理过程中通常降解超过 90%，而 ACE 和 SUC 主要未经变化地通过污水处理厂。这表明它们可作为研究废水对水源水和饮用水影响的理想标记物。在使用地表水为水源的饮用水处理厂的出厂水中，ACE 和 SUC 的浓度分别高达 7 和 2.4 μg/L。ACE 被鉴定为臭氧氧化过程中氧化副产物的前体，生成醛中间产物和乙酸。尽管 ACE 和 SUC 的浓度是地表水、地下水和饮用水中测量到的人为痕量污染物中最高的，但它们的浓度至少比感官阈值低三个数量级。然而，毒理学研究很少，并且主要集中在 SUC 上。因此，需要进一步研究人工甜味剂及其转化产物的转化产物的鉴定和生态毒理学影响。
