Exponent, Inc., Health Sciences Group, Menlo Park, California 94025-1133, USA.
J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev. 2012;15(4):281-316. doi: 10.1080/10937404.2012.672150.
Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is one of the most widely used organophosphate insecticides in the United States. By December 2000, nearly all residential uses were voluntarily canceled, so that today, CPF is only used to control insect pests on a variety of crops. Periodic review of the potential effects of CPF on all developmental outcomes is necessary in the United States because the Food Quality Protection Act mandates special consideration of risk assessments for infants and children. This article reviews epidemiologic studies examining the association of potential CPF exposure with growth indices, including birth weight, birth length, and head circumference, and animal studies focusing on related somatic developmental endpoints. It differs from earlier reviews by including an additional cohort study and providing in-depth systematic evaluation of the patterns of association across different studies with respect to specificity of biomarkers for CPF, consistency, dose response, strength of association, temporality, and biological plausibility (Hill 1965), as well as consideration of the potential role of effect modification and bias. The review did not identify any strong associations exhibiting consistent exposure-response patterns that were observed in more than one of the four cohort studies evaluated. In addition, the animal data indicate that developmental effects occur at doses that produce substantial maternal toxicity and red blood cell (RBC) acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition. Based on consideration of both the epidemiologic and animal data, maternal RBC AChE inhibition is a more sensitive endpoint for risk assessment than somatic developmental effects reviewed in this article.
毒死蜱（CPF）是美国使用最广泛的有机磷杀虫剂之一。到 2000 年 12 月，几乎所有的住宅用途都被自愿取消，因此今天，CPF 仅用于控制各种作物上的害虫。由于《食品质量保护法》要求特别考虑婴儿和儿童的风险评估，因此美国有必要定期审查 CPF 对所有发育结果的潜在影响。本文综述了流行病学研究，这些研究检查了 CPF 潜在暴露与生长指数（包括出生体重、出生体长和头围）之间的关联，以及关注相关躯体发育终点的动物研究。它与早期的综述不同之处在于，它增加了一项队列研究，并对不同研究中与 CPF 生物标志物的特异性、一致性、剂量反应、关联强度、时间和生物学合理性（Hill 1965）以及对潜在效应修饰和偏差的考虑有关的关联模式进行了深入的系统评价。该综述未发现任何在四个队列研究中超过一个研究中观察到的具有一致暴露-反应模式的强关联。此外，动物数据表明，发育效应发生在产生大量母体毒性和红细胞（RBC）乙酰胆碱酯酶（AChE）抑制的剂量下。基于对流行病学和动物数据的考虑，母体 RBC AChE 抑制是比本文中综述的躯体发育效应更敏感的风险评估终点。
