IFREMER, Laboratoire EMP/PHYC, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, 44311 Nantes, France.
Toxicon. 2012 Sep 15;60(4):582-95. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.04.351. Epub 2012 May 7.
Azadinium spinosum (Elbrächter and Tillmann), a small marine dinoflagellate, has been recently described as a de novo producer of azaspiracid-1 and -2 (AZA1 and -2) diarrhoeic toxins. A culture of A. spinosum was established in our laboratory and optimised for pilot-scale production of this organism, to evaluate and understand AZA1 and -2 accumulation and biotransformation in blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) fed with A. spinosum. Adult mussels were continuously exposed to A. spinosum over 1 week in 160 L cylindrical conical tanks. Three different diets were tested for contamination: 5000, 10 000 cells mL(-1) of A. spinosum and a mixture of 5000 cells mL(-1) of A. spinosum with 5000 cells mL(-1) of Isochrysis aff. galbana (T-Iso, CCAP 927/14). During the subsequent period of detoxification (2 weeks), contaminated mussels were continuously fed with 5000 cells mL(-1) of T-Iso. Kinetics of accumulation, detoxification and biotransformation were evaluated, as well as the toxin distribution and the effect of A. spinosum on mussel digestive gland tubules. M. edulis fed on A. spinosum in the three tested conditions; this finding confirmed our recent experiments feeding A. spinosum to mussels. The original algal toxins AZA1 and -2, as well as mussel metabolites AZA3 to 12, -17, -19, -21 and -23 were found during these trials. After as little as 6 h, azaspiracid contents in mussels reached the EU regulatory limit, and metabolites were observed in all conditions at approximately 25% of the total AZA content. This fraction exceeded 50% after 24 h, and continued to increase until the end of the study. AZA17 and -19 were found to be the main metabolites, with AZA17 concentrations estimated in the same order of magnitude as that of the main algal toxin, AZA1.
棘刺囊裸甲藻（Elbrächter 和 Tillmann）是一种小型海洋甲藻，最近被描述为一种新的棘蛤毒素 1 和 -2（AZA1 和 -2）腹泻毒素的产生者。我们实验室建立了棘刺囊裸甲藻的培养，并对其进行了优化，以在食用棘刺囊裸甲藻的贻贝（Mytilus edulis）中评估和了解 AZA1 和 -2 的积累和生物转化。成年贻贝在 160 L 圆柱形锥形罐中连续暴露于棘刺囊裸甲藻 1 周。测试了三种不同的饮食进行污染：5000、10000 个细胞 mL(-1) 的棘刺囊裸甲藻和 5000 个细胞 mL(-1) 的棘刺囊裸甲藻与 5000 个细胞 mL(-1) 的等角藻属近缘种（T-Iso，CCAP 927/14）的混合物。在随后的解毒期（2 周）中，受污染的贻贝连续喂食 5000 个细胞 mL(-1) 的 T-Iso。评估了积累、解毒和生物转化的动力学，以及毒素的分布和棘刺囊裸甲藻对贻贝消化腺小管的影响。贻贝在三种测试条件下都喂食棘刺囊裸甲藻；这一发现证实了我们最近用棘刺囊裸甲藻喂食贻贝的实验。在这些试验中发现了原始藻类毒素 AZA1 和 -2 以及贻贝代谢物 AZA3 至 12、-17、-19、-21 和 -23。在仅仅 6 小时后，贻贝中的棘蛤毒素含量就达到了欧盟的监管限值，并且在所有条件下都观察到了代谢物，其含量约为总 AZA 含量的 25%。这部分在 24 小时后超过 50%，并持续增加到研究结束。发现 AZA17 和 -19 是主要的代谢物，AZA17 的浓度估计与主要藻类毒素 AZA1 处于同一数量级。
