Elisashvili Vladimir
S. Durmishidze Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology of N.L.E. Georgian Agrarian University, Tbilisi, Georgia.
Int J Med Mushrooms. 2012;14(3):211-39. doi: 10.1615/intjmedmushr.v14.i3.10.
Medicinal mushrooms belonging to higher Basidiomycetes are an immensely rich yet largely untapped resource of useful, easily accessible, natural compounds with various biological activities that may promote human well-being. The medicinal properties are found in various cellular components and secondary metabolites (polysaccharides, proteins and their complexes, phenolic compounds, polyketides, triterpenoids, steroids, alkaloids, nucleotides, etc.), which have been isolated and identified from the fruiting bodies, culture mycelium, and culture broth of mushrooms. Some of these compounds have cholesterol-lowering, anti-diabetic, antioxidant, antitumor, immunomodulating, antimicrobial, and antiviral activities ready for industrial trials and further commercialization, while others are in various stages of development. Recently, the submerged cultivation of medicinal mushrooms has received a great deal of attention as a promising and reproducible alternative for the efficient production of mushroom mycelium and metabolites. Submerged cultivation of mushrooms has significant industrial potential, but its success on a commercial scale depends on increasing product yields and development of novel production systems that address the problems associated with this technique of mushroom cultivation. In spite of many researchers' efforts for the production of bioactive metabolites by mushrooms, the physiological and engineering aspects of submerged cultures are still far from being thoroughly studied. The vast majority of studies have focused on polysaccharide and ganoderic acid production in submerged cultivation of medicinal mushrooms, and very little has been written so far on the antioxidant and hemagglutinating activity of submerged mushroom cultures. The purpose of this review is to provide an update of the present state of the art and future prospects of submerged cultivation of medicinal mushrooms to produce mycelium and bioactive metabolites, and to make a contribution for the research and development of new pharmaceutical products from mushrooms. A brief overview of the metabolic diversity and bioactive compounds of mushrooms produced by submerged cultures is also given.
属于高等担子菌的药用蘑菇是极为丰富但在很大程度上尚未开发的有用天然化合物资源，这些化合物易于获取，具有多种可能促进人类健康的生物活性。其药用特性存在于各种细胞成分和次生代谢产物（多糖、蛋白质及其复合物、酚类化合物、聚酮化合物、三萜类化合物、类固醇、生物碱、核苷酸等）中，这些成分已从蘑菇的子实体、培养菌丝体和培养液中分离并鉴定出来。其中一些化合物具有降胆固醇、抗糖尿病、抗氧化、抗肿瘤、免疫调节、抗菌和抗病毒活性，已准备好进行工业试验和进一步商业化，而其他一些化合物则处于不同的开发阶段。最近，药用蘑菇的深层培养作为一种高效生产蘑菇菌丝体和代谢产物的有前景且可重复的替代方法受到了广泛关注。蘑菇的深层培养具有巨大的工业潜力，但其在商业规模上的成功取决于提高产品产量以及开发能够解决与这种蘑菇培养技术相关问题的新型生产系统。尽管许多研究人员致力于通过蘑菇生产生物活性代谢产物，但深层培养的生理和工程方面仍远未得到充分研究。绝大多数研究都集中在药用蘑菇深层培养中的多糖和灵芝酸生产上，到目前为止，关于深层培养蘑菇的抗氧化和血凝活性的报道很少。本综述的目的是提供药用蘑菇深层培养以生产菌丝体和生物活性代谢产物的当前技术水平和未来前景的最新情况，并为从蘑菇开发新的药品做出贡献。还简要概述了深层培养产生的蘑菇的代谢多样性和生物活性化合物。
