Complications of arteriovenous fistulae: beyond venous stenosis.

Vascular access is the lifeline of hemodialysis patients. Currently, arteriovenous fistulae and grafts are considered permanent options for vascular access, and they share common access problems. The successful creation of a permanent vascular access depends on patient characteristics, vessel parameters, and possibly genetic factors. Utilization of a dialysis access at least 3 times a week leads to significant wear and tear of the access. The buttonhole technique is associated with a higher incidence of infection, and evidence regarding various perceived advantages remain contradictory. Infiltration and aneurysm formation of an access are common, and the literature on its impact on vascular access outcomes is limited. A patient who undergoes hemodialysis often requires multiple accesses during his or her lifetime, and the maintenance of a persistent vascular access may require creative solutions. Intensified research is crucial to comprehending the pathophysiology and treatment options for some of the common problems of vascular accesses.