School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK.
Br J Educ Psychol. 2012 Jun;82(Pt 2):327-39. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8279.2011.02028.x. Epub 2011 Apr 8.
According to Dweck and colleagues, praise can be delivered using person ('you are clever') or process terms ('you worked hard'). Research suggests that giving people process praise after success can help them deal better with subsequent failures because it attributes outcomes to effort rather than fixed ability. However, research has thus far inadequately addressed how these types of praise compare to receiving no evaluative feedback.
The aim of the present research was to examine the effects of person and process praise compared to a control group where only objective outcome feedback was given.
In Study 1, 145 British school children aged 9-11 years took part. In Study 2, participants were 114 British university students.
In both studies, participants read three scenarios and were asked to imagine themselves as the main character. In each scenario, they succeeded in an educational task and received either person, process, or no praise. Participants then read two scenarios, where they failed at a task. Following each scenario participants evaluated their performance, affect, and persistence.
After one failure, participants who received person praise reacted most negatively on all dependent measures. However, those in the process condition did not differ significantly from those in the control group.
These findings suggest that process feedback may not be inherently positive; instead person feedback seems particularly detrimental.
根据德韦克（Dweck）及其同事的观点，表扬可以通过个人（“你很聪明”）或过程（“你很努力”）术语来表达。研究表明，在成功后给予人们过程上的表扬可以帮助他们更好地应对随后的失败，因为这将结果归因于努力而非固定的能力。然而，到目前为止，研究还没有充分探讨这些类型的表扬与不给予评价反馈相比有何不同。
本研究旨在考察与仅给予客观结果反馈的对照组相比，个人表扬和过程表扬的效果。
在研究 1 中，145 名 9-11 岁的英国学童参加了研究；在研究 2 中，114 名英国大学生参加了研究。
在两项研究中，参与者阅读了三个情景，并被要求想象自己是主要角色。在每个情景中，他们在教育任务中取得了成功，并收到了个人表扬、过程表扬或没有表扬。然后，参与者阅读了两个他们在任务中失败的情景。在每个情景之后，参与者评估了他们的表现、情感和坚持度。
在一次失败后，收到个人表扬的参与者在所有依赖测量上的反应最为负面。然而，过程条件下的参与者与对照组没有显著差异。
这些发现表明，过程反馈可能不是内在积极的；相反，个人反馈似乎特别不利。
