Mahmood Tahir, Anwar Farooq, Abbas Mateen, Saari Nazamid
Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-38040, Pakistan.
Department of Chemistry, Govt. Post Graduate College Samanabad, Faisalabad-38040, Pakistan.
Int J Mol Sci. 2012;13(4):4591-4607. doi: 10.3390/ijms13044591. Epub 2012 Apr 11.
In this study, we investigated how the extent of ripeness affects the yield of extract, total phenolics, total flavonoids, individual flavonols and phenolic acids in strawberry and mulberry cultivars from Pakistan. In strawberry, the yield of extract (%), total phenolics (TPC) and total flavonoids (TFC) ranged from 8.5-53.3%, 491-1884 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/100 g DW and 83-327 mg catechin equivalents (CE)/100 g DW, respectively. For the different species of mulberry the yield of extract (%), total phenolics and total flavonoids of 6.9-54.0%, 201-2287 mg GAE/100 g DW and 110-1021 mg CE/100 g DW, respectively, varied significantly as fruit maturity progressed. The amounts of individual flavonols and phenolic acid in selected berry fruits were analyzed by RP-HPLC. Among the flavonols, the content of myricetin was found to be high in Morus alba (88 mg/100 g DW), the amount of quercetin as high in Morus laevigata (145 mg/100 g DW) while kaempferol was highest in the Korona strawberry (98 mg/100 g DW) at fully ripened stage. Of the six phenolic acids detected, p-hydroxybenzoic and p-coumaric acid were the major compounds in the strawberry. M. laevigata and M. nigra contained p-coumaric acid and vanillic acid while M. macroura and M. alba contained p-hydroxy-benzoic acid and chlorogenic acid as the major phenolic acids. Overall, a trend to an increase in the percentage of extraction yield, TPC, TFC, flavonols and phenolic acids was observed as maturity progressed from un-ripened to fully-ripened stages.
在本研究中,我们调查了成熟度对巴基斯坦草莓和桑椹品种提取物产量、总酚、总黄酮、单个黄酮醇和酚酸的影响。在草莓中,提取物产量(%)、总酚(TPC)和总黄酮(TFC)分别为8.5 - 53.3%、491 - 1884毫克没食子酸当量(GAE)/100克干重和83 - 327毫克儿茶素当量(CE)/100克干重。对于不同品种的桑椹,随着果实成熟度的增加,提取物产量(%)、总酚和总黄酮分别为6.9 - 54.0%、201 - 2287毫克GAE/100克干重和110 - 1021毫克CE/100克干重,差异显著。通过反相高效液相色谱法(RP - HPLC)分析了所选浆果果实中单个黄酮醇和酚酸的含量。在黄酮醇中,白桑(Morus alba)中杨梅素含量较高(88毫克/100克干重),光滑桑(Morus laevigata)中槲皮素含量较高(145毫克/100克干重),而在完全成熟阶段,科罗娜草莓(Korona)中山奈酚含量最高(98毫克/100克干重)。在所检测的六种酚酸中,对羟基苯甲酸和对香豆酸是草莓中的主要成分。光滑桑和黑桑(M. nigra)含有对香豆酸和香草酸,而大果桑(M. macroura)和白桑含有对羟基苯甲酸和绿原酸作为主要酚酸。总体而言,随着成熟度从未成熟阶段发展到完全成熟阶段,观察到提取物产量百分比、TPC、TFC、黄酮醇和酚酸呈增加趋势。