Del Grande Filippo, Maus Timothy P, Carrino John A
Section of Musculoskeletal Radiology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
Radiol Clin North Am. 2012 Jul;50(4):629-49. doi: 10.1016/j.rcl.2012.04.014.
The articulations of the spinal motion segment, the intervertebral disk, and the zygapophyseal joints, inevitably undergo age-related changes. This article focuses on the intervertebral disk, specifically when fissures sufficiently weaken the posterior annulus so as to allow herniation of nuclear material into the outer annular structure as a contained protrusion or breach the annulus and pass into the epidural space as an extrusion. This article examines the imaging of the age-related changes of the disk and disk herniation: nomenclature, the reliability and relative merits of imaging modalities, the imaging natural history of disk herniations, and, most importantly, the clinical significance.
脊柱运动节段的关节、椎间盘和椎间关节不可避免地会经历与年龄相关的变化。本文重点关注椎间盘，特别是当裂隙充分削弱后纵韧带，从而使核物质疝入外层环形结构形成包容性突出，或突破纵韧带进入硬膜外间隙形成挤出性突出时的情况。本文探讨了椎间盘与年龄相关变化及椎间盘突出的影像学表现：命名法、成像方式的可靠性和相对优点、椎间盘突出的影像学自然史，以及最重要的临床意义。
