US Geological Survey, Ohio Water Science Center, 6480 Doubletree Ave., Columbus, OH 43229, USA.
Water Res. 2012 Sep 1;46(13):4164-78. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.04.044. Epub 2012 May 15.
Log removals of bacterial indicators, coliphage, and enteric viruses were studied in three membrane bioreactor (MBR) activated-sludge and two conventional secondary activated-sludge municipal wastewater treatment plants during three recreational seasons (May-Oct.) when disinfection of effluents is required. In total, 73 regular samples were collected from key locations throughout treatment processes: post-preliminary, post-MBR, post-secondary, post-tertiary, and post-disinfection (UV or chlorine). Out of 19 post-preliminary samples, adenovirus by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was detected in all 19, enterovirus by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was detected in 15, and norovirus GI by qRT-PCR was detected in 11. Norovirus GII and Hepatitis A virus were not detected in any samples, and rotavirus was detected in one sample but could not be quantified. Although culturable viruses were found in 12 out of 19 post-preliminary samples, they were not detected in any post-secondary, post-MBR, post-ultraviolet, or post-chlorine samples. Median log removals for all organisms were higher for MBR secondary treatment (3.02 to >6.73) than for conventional secondary (1.53-4.19) treatment. Ultraviolet disinfection after MBR treatment provided little additional log removal of any organism except for somatic coliphage (>2.18), whereas ultraviolet or chlorine disinfection after conventional secondary treatment provided significant log removals (above the analytical variability) of all bacterial indicators (1.18-3.89) and somatic and F-specific coliphage (0.71 and >2.98). Median log removals of adenovirus across disinfection were low in both MBR and conventional secondary plants (no removal detected and 0.24), and few removals of individual samples were near or above the analytical variability of 1.2 log genomic copies per liter. Based on qualitative examinations of plots showing reductions of organisms throughout treatment processes, somatic coliphage may best represent the removal of viruses across secondary treatment in both MBR and conventional secondary plants. F-specific coliphage and Escherichia coli may best represent the removal of viruses across the disinfection process in MBR facilities, but none of the indicators represented the removal of viruses across disinfection in conventional secondary plants.
在三个膜生物反应器（MBR）活性污泥和两个传统二级活性污泥城市污水处理厂进行了研究，在三个娱乐季节（5 月至 10 月）期间，出水需要消毒。在此期间，从处理过程中的关键位置总共采集了 73 个常规样本：预处理后、MBR 后、二级后、三级后和消毒后（紫外线或氯）。在 19 个预处理后样本中，所有 19 个样本均通过定量聚合酶链反应（qPCR）检测到腺病毒，15 个样本通过定量逆转录聚合酶链反应（qRT-PCR）检测到肠道病毒，11 个样本通过 qRT-PCR 检测到诺如病毒 GI。任何样本中均未检测到诺如病毒 GII 和甲型肝炎病毒，轮状病毒仅在一个样本中检测到，但无法定量。尽管在 19 个预处理后样本中有 12 个样本中检测到可培养病毒，但在任何二级后、MBR 后、紫外线后或氯后样本中均未检测到。所有生物体的中位对数去除率在 MBR 二级处理（3.02 至>6.73）中高于传统二级处理（1.53-4.19）。MBR 处理后紫外线消毒除对体细胞噬菌体（>2.18）提供了少量额外的对数去除率外，对任何生物体的去除率都较低，而传统二级处理后紫外线或氯消毒提供了显著的对数去除率（超过分析变异性），对所有细菌指标（1.18-3.89）和体细胞和 F 型噬菌体（0.71 和>2.98）均有效。在 MBR 和传统二级工厂中，腺病毒的消毒过程中的中位对数去除率均较低（未检测到去除，去除率为 0.24），并且很少有样本的去除率接近或高于 1.2 对数基因组拷贝/升的分析变异性。根据对显示整个处理过程中生物体减少的定性检验，体细胞噬菌体可能是 MBR 和传统二级工厂中二级处理过程中病毒去除的最佳代表。F 型噬菌体和大肠杆菌可能是 MBR 设施中消毒过程中病毒去除的最佳代表，但没有任何指标代表传统二级工厂中病毒的消毒去除。
