Alja'fari Jumana, Sharvelle Sybil, Branch Amos, Pecson Brian, Jahne Michael, Olivieri Adam, Arabi Mazdak, Garland Jay L, Gonzalez Raul
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, 700 Meridian Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, 700 Meridian Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
Water Res. 2025 Jan 1;268(Pt B):122640. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.122640. Epub 2024 Oct 18.
Stormwater capture and use (SCU) projects have the potential to provide a significant portion of municipal water demand. However, uncertainty about the degree of microbial contamination in stormwater and the required treatment is a barrier for implementation of SCU projects. Stormwater runoff could become contaminated with human fecal matter in areas with deteriorating infrastructure where raw wastewater exfiltrates from sewer networks to stormwater collection networks, homeless encampments exist, or sanitary sewer overflows (SSOs) occur. Estimation of human fecal contamination can inform selection of stormwater treatment targets. This study investigates stormwater microbial contamination originating from human fecal matter using observed detections and concentrations of human microbial source tracking (MST) markers and potentially human-infectious pathogens (PHIPs). First, a systematic review complied measurements of human MST markers in wet and dry weather stormwater flows and influent wastewater. In addition, measurements of viral pathogens (e.g., adenoviruses, norovirus GI+GII, and enteroviruses) and protozoan pathogens (e.g., Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum) in wet weather flows and influent wastewater were assessed. Human MST marker and PHIP data were statistically analyzed and applied to estimate a human fecal contamination analog (HFCA) which is an estimate of the amount of human fecal matter based on relative concentrations of microbial contaminants in stormwater compared to municipal wastewater. Human MST-based HFCAs in wet and dry weather flows ranged from <10 to 10 (median = 10) and 10 to 10 (median = 10), respectively. PHIP-based HFCAs in wet weather flows ranged from ∼10 to 10. Estimates of human MST-based HFCAs are more reliable than PHIP-based HFCAs because the current PHIP datasets are generally limited by the number of data points, percent detection, variability observed within the statistical distributions, and the geographical span of sampling locations. The use of human MST-based HFCAs is recommended to guide the selection of stormwater treatment process trains that are protective of public health based on the intended end use. Application of HFCA 10 (i.e., sewage dilution 10) remains a reasonable conservative estimate of human fecal contamination in stormwater to inform selection of pathogen log reduction targets based on the data presently available.
雨水收集与利用（SCU）项目有潜力满足城市相当一部分的用水需求。然而，雨水微生物污染程度以及所需处理措施的不确定性是SCU项目实施的障碍。在基础设施日益恶化的地区，如原污水从污水管网渗入雨水收集管网、存在无家可归者营地或发生生活污水溢流（SSO）的地方，雨水径流可能会被人类粪便污染。对人类粪便污染的评估有助于选择雨水处理目标。本研究利用观察到的人类微生物源追踪（MST）标记物和潜在人类感染性病原体（PHIP）的检测结果及浓度，调查源自人类粪便的雨水微生物污染情况。首先，系统综述整理了潮湿和干燥天气下雨水径流及进水污水中人类MST标记物的测量数据。此外，还评估了潮湿天气径流和进水污水中病毒病原体（如腺病毒、诺如病毒GI + GII和肠道病毒）及原生动物病原体（如蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫）的测量数据。对人类MST标记物和PHIP数据进行了统计分析，并用于估算人类粪便污染类似物（HFCA），即根据雨水中微生物污染物相对于城市污水的相对浓度估算的人类粪便量。基于人类MST的潮湿和干燥天气径流中的HFCA分别为<10至10（中位数 = 10）和10至10（中位数 = 10）。基于PHIP的潮湿天气径流中的HFCA范围约为10至10。基于人类MST的HFCA估算比基于PHIP的HFCA更可靠，因为当前的PHIP数据集通常受到数据点数量、检测百分比、统计分布内观察到的变异性以及采样地点地理范围的限制。建议使用基于人类MST的HFCA来指导根据预期最终用途选择保护公众健康的雨水处理工艺系列。基于现有数据，HFCA 10（即污水稀释10倍）仍然是对雨水中人类粪便污染的合理保守估计，以指导病原体对数减少目标的选择。
