Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
J Nephrol. 2013 Jan-Feb;26(1):61-72. doi: 10.5301/jn.5000168.
Hyponatremia is reported to be the most common electrolyte abnormality encountered in clinical practice. Diagnosis and principles of management of hyponatremia are everyday issues in patient care. Interest has also been generated by its association with adverse prognosis from studies in specific disease groups. Patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease are living longer and medical diseases similar to the general population are more frequently encountered in them. Hyponatremia has been observed to be widely prevalent in both hospitalized and outpatient HIV patients, although population-based estimates are not known. From case series, these patients appear to be at greater risk for the development of hyponatremia from pathomechanisms encountered in the non-HIV population. In addition, certain HIV-specific mechanisms from infectious etiologies, endocrine causes, and medications are unique to them. Using an illustrative case as an example, in the following review, we discuss the varied etiologies, pathogenetic mechanisms , clinical features, diagnosis, and outline the management of hyponatremia in HIV patients.
低钠血症是临床实践中最常见的电解质异常。低钠血症的诊断和治疗原则是患者护理中的日常问题。由于其与特定疾病组预后不良的关联，该疾病也引起了人们的关注。患有人类免疫缺陷病毒 (HIV) 疾病的患者寿命更长，并且他们更容易患上与普通人群相似的医学疾病。尽管没有基于人群的估计，但已观察到住院和门诊 HIV 患者中低钠血症广泛流行。从病例系列来看，这些患者似乎更容易因非 HIV 人群中遇到的病理机制而发生低钠血症。此外，某些 HIV 特有的机制，如感染病因、内分泌原因和药物，对他们来说是独一无二的。本文通过一个实例来说明，在以下综述中，我们讨论了 HIV 患者低钠血症的各种病因、发病机制、临床特征、诊断和治疗方法。
