Oral Health Services Research Centre, University College Cork, Ireland.
BMC Oral Health. 2012 Jun 13;12:13. doi: 10.1186/1472-6831-12-13.
In addition to its general and periodontal health effects smoking causes tooth staining. Smoking cessation support interventions with an added stain removal or tooth whitening effect may increase motivation to quit smoking. Oral health professionals are well placed to provide smoking cessation advice and support to patients. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of Nicorette(®) Freshmint Gum used in a smoking cessation programme administered in a dental setting, on extrinsic stain and tooth shade among smokers.
An evaluator-blinded, randomized, 12-week parallel-group controlled trial was conducted among 200 daily smokers motivated to quit smoking. Participants were randomised to use either the Nicorette(®) Freshmint Gum or Nicorette(®) Microtab (tablet). Tooth staining and shade were rated using the modified Lobene Stain Index and the Vita(®) Shade Guide at baseline, weeks 2, 6 and 12. To maintain consistency with other whitening studies, the primary end-point was the mean change in stain index between baseline and week 6. Secondary variables included changes in stain measurements and tooth shade at the other time points the number of gums or tablets used per day and throughout the trial period; and the number of cigarettes smoked per day. Treatments were compared using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), using treatment and nicotine dependence as factors and the corresponding baseline measurement as a covariate. Each comparison (modified intention-to-treat) was tested at the 0.05 level, two-sided. Within-treatment changes from baseline were compared using a paired t-test.
At week 6, the gum-group experienced a reduction in mean stain scores whilst the tablet-group experienced an increase with mean changes of -0.14 and +0.12 respectively, (p = 0.005, ANCOVA). The change in mean tooth shade scores was statistically significantly greater in the gum-group than in the tablet group at 2 (p = 0.015), 6 (p = 0.011) and 12 weeks (p = 0.003) with greater lightening in the gum-group at each examination period.
These results support the efficacy of the tested nicotine replacement gum in stain reduction and shade lightening. These findings may help dentists to motivate those wishing to quit smoking using a nicotine replacement gum.
NCT01440985.
除了对一般健康和牙周健康的影响外，吸烟还会导致牙齿变色。具有去除牙渍或牙齿美白效果的戒烟支持干预措施可能会增加戒烟的动机。口腔健康专业人员为患者提供戒烟建议和支持的最佳人选。本研究的目的是评估在牙科环境中实施的戒烟计划中使用尼古丁咀嚼胶（Nicorette(®) Freshmint Gum）对吸烟者外源性牙渍和牙齿色泽的影响。
一项评估者盲、随机、12 周平行组对照试验在 200 名有戒烟意愿的每日吸烟者中进行。参与者被随机分配使用尼古丁咀嚼胶（Nicorette(®) Freshmint Gum）或尼古丁微片（Nicorette(®) Microtab）。基线、第 2、6 和 12 周时使用改良的 Lobene 染色指数和 Vita(®) 比色板评估牙齿着色和色调。为了与其他美白研究保持一致，主要终点是基线至第 6 周之间染色指数的平均变化。次要变量包括在其他时间点的染色测量值和牙齿色调的变化，每天使用的咀嚼胶或片剂的数量以及整个试验期间的数量；以及每天吸烟的数量。使用协方差分析（ANCOVA）比较治疗方法，使用治疗和尼古丁依赖作为因素，相应的基线测量作为协变量。每个比较（改良意向治疗）在双侧 0.05 水平进行检验。使用配对 t 检验比较从基线开始的治疗内变化。
第 6 周时，咀嚼组的平均染色评分降低，而片剂组的评分升高，分别为-0.14 和+0.12（p=0.005，ANCOVA）。咀嚼组的平均牙齿色调评分变化在第 2、6 和 12 周时均显著大于片剂组（p=0.015、p=0.011 和 p=0.003），且在每个检查期咀嚼组的牙齿颜色都有更大程度的提亮。
这些结果支持所测试尼古丁替代口香糖在减少牙渍和提亮牙齿色泽方面的功效。这些发现可能有助于牙医使用尼古丁替代口香糖来激励那些希望戒烟的人。
NCT01440985。
