Smiałek M, Tykałowski B, Stenzel T, Koncicki A
Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.
Pol J Vet Sci. 2012;15(1):175-80. doi: 10.2478/v10181-011-0131-7.
This review article presents immunological issues in the course of the turkey rhinotracheitis (TRT) emphasizing local immunity mechanisms, both humoral and cell-mediated, in the upper respiratory system. Studies on the influence of the humoral immunity in the course of infection and vaccinations against TRT have revealed many times the absence of correlation between the titre of specific IgY anti-aMPV (avian Metapneumovirus) antibodies in the serum and in the upper respiratory washings and the immunity against the occurrence of the clinical form of the TRT. Considering the above, T cells are increasingly often regarded as the main factor involved in the upper respiratory immunity against the TRT. However, there have been just a few reports on the role of the T cells in the local immunity processes in the infection with aMPV in turkeys. Additionally, studies of the T-cell-associated immunity against the TRT have given ambiguous results. Immunoprophylaxis issues against the aMPV infections are a significant part of the work where the authors confront current vaccination programmes against the perspectives of use of the future vaccines against the TRT. Future vaccines should face the following criteria: absence of the risk of immunosuppressive effect and reversion of vaccine strains virulence, ease-of-use combined with the possibility of administration of the vaccine to the large numbers of turkeys. The leading role in future vaccination programs for birds against the TRT is likely to be played by the in ovo technique and the recombinant vaccines. Great hopes are also linked with the development of subunit vaccines against the aMPV.
这篇综述文章介绍了火鸡鼻气管炎（TRT）病程中的免疫学问题，重点阐述了上呼吸道系统中体液免疫和细胞介导的局部免疫机制。关于体液免疫在TRT感染和疫苗接种过程中的影响的研究多次表明，血清和上呼吸道冲洗液中特异性抗禽偏肺病毒（aMPV）IgY抗体的滴度与抵抗TRT临床症状出现的免疫力之间不存在相关性。考虑到上述情况，T细胞越来越常被视为参与上呼吸道抵抗TRT免疫的主要因素。然而，关于T细胞在火鸡aMPV感染局部免疫过程中的作用的报道却很少。此外，针对TRT的T细胞相关免疫研究结果并不明确。针对aMPV感染的免疫预防问题是该研究工作的重要组成部分，作者在此将当前的疫苗接种计划与未来TRT疫苗的使用前景进行了对比。未来的疫苗应符合以下标准：不存在免疫抑制作用风险和疫苗株毒力逆转的风险，使用方便且有可能给大量火鸡接种疫苗。卵内接种技术和重组疫苗在未来禽类TRT疫苗接种计划中可能发挥主导作用。针对aMPV的亚单位疫苗的研发也寄予了很大希望。
