Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2012 Jul;19(4):269-75. doi: 10.1053/j.ackd.2012.05.003.
Of 195 independent countries in the world, 83 have transplant programs. Some countries (areas) have emphasized living donation; others, decreased donation. As a consequence, rates of living donation vary widely between geographic areas and often between countries within the same geographic area. The major ethical issue in living donation is the risk to the donor. Internationally, numerous guidelines have been developed outlining acceptable donor evaluation and criteria for approval. An ongoing issue is that there remains considerable variation between countries (and programs within a country) in evaluation and in acceptance criteria. A major problem for most countries is the shortage of organs. As a consequence, illegal or quasi-legal unregulated markets have developed in some areas. These markets have not provided protection for either donor or recipient. The transplant community has taken a unified stand against these underground unregulated markets.
在全球 195 个独立国家中，有 83 个国家（地区）开展了器官移植项目。一些国家（地区）强调活体捐献，另一些国家（地区）则减少了捐献。因此，活体捐献率在地理区域之间以及同一地理区域内的国家之间差异很大。活体捐献的主要伦理问题是供体的风险。在国际上，已经制定了许多准则，概述了可接受的供体评估和批准标准。一个持续存在的问题是，在评估和接受标准方面，各国（以及一个国家内的不同项目）之间仍然存在相当大的差异。大多数国家面临的一个主要问题是器官短缺。因此，在一些地区已经形成了非法或准非法的不受监管的市场。这些市场既没有为供体也没有为受体提供保护。移植界采取了统一立场反对这些地下不受监管的市场。
