Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Sleep, The City College of the City University of New York, 138th Street and Convent Ave., New York, NY 10031, USA.
Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2012 Sep;98(2):188-96. doi: 10.1016/j.nlm.2012.06.003. Epub 2012 Jun 23.
While it is now generally accepted that sleep facilitates the processing of newly acquired declarative information, questions still remain as to the type and length of sleep necessary to best benefit declarative memories. A better understanding could lend support in one direction or another as to the much-debated role of sleep, be it passive, permissive, or active, in memory processing. The present study employed a napping paradigm and compared performance on a bimodal paired-associates task of those who obtained a 10-min nap, containing only Stages 1 and 2 sleep, to those whose nap contained slow-wave sleep (SWS) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep (60-min nap), as well as to subjects who remained awake. Measurements were obtained for baseline performance at training, after a sleep/no sleep interval for short-term retention, after a subsequent stimulus-related interference task, and again after a weeklong retention period. While all groups learned the information similarly, both nap groups performed better than the Wake group when examining short-term retention, approximately 1.5h after training (10-min p=.052, 60-min p=.002). However, performance benefits seen in the 10-min nap group proved to be temporary. Performance after a stimulus-related interference task revealed significantly better memory retention in the 60-min nap group, with interference disrupting the memory trace far less than both the Wake and 10-min nap groups (p<.001, p=.006, respectively). After a weeklong retention period, sleep's benefit to memory persisted in the 60-min nap group, with performance significantly greater than both the Wake and 10-min nap groups (p<.001, p=.004, respectively). It is our conclusion that SWS, obtained only by those in the 60-min nap group, served to actively facilitate the consolidation of learned bimodal paired-associates, supported by theories such as the Standard Theory of Consolidation as well as the Synaptic Homeostasis Hypothesis.
虽然现在普遍认为睡眠有助于处理新获得的陈述性信息，但仍存在疑问，即哪种类型和长度的睡眠最有利于陈述性记忆。更好地理解睡眠在记忆处理中的作用，无论是被动的、允许的还是主动的，都可能在这方面或另一方面提供支持。本研究采用打盹范式，比较了在包含 1 型和 2 型睡眠的 10 分钟小睡组、包含慢波睡眠 (SWS) 和快速眼动 (REM) 睡眠的 60 分钟小睡组以及保持清醒的受试者在双模态联想任务中的表现。在基线训练、睡眠/无睡眠间隔的短期保留、随后的与刺激相关的干扰任务后以及一周的保留期后，都进行了测量。虽然所有组都以相似的方式学习信息，但在检查短期保留时，小睡组的表现都优于清醒组，大约在训练后 1.5 小时（10 分钟 p=.052，60 分钟 p=.002）。然而，在 10 分钟小睡组中看到的表现优势是暂时的。在与刺激相关的干扰任务后，60 分钟小睡组的记忆保留明显更好，干扰对记忆痕迹的破坏远小于清醒组和 10 分钟小睡组（p<.001，p=.006）。在一周的保留期后，60 分钟小睡组的睡眠对记忆的益处仍然存在，表现明显优于清醒组和 10 分钟小睡组（p<.001，p=.004）。我们的结论是，只有在 60 分钟小睡组中获得的 SWS 积极促进了学习的双模态联想的巩固，这得到了标准巩固理论和突触稳态假说等理论的支持。
