JRG Stem Cell Research, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06108, Halle/Saale, Germany.
Curr Diab Rep. 2012 Oct;12(5):490-8. doi: 10.1007/s11892-012-0292-5.
Diabetes mellitus type 1 (T1DM) and type 2 (T2DM) are common diseases. To date, it is widely accepted that all forms of DM lead to the loss of beta cells. Therefore, to avoid the debilitating comorbidities when glycemic control cannot be fully achieved, some would argue that beta cell replacement is the only way to cure the disease. Due to organ donor shortage, other cell sources for beta cell replacement strategies have to be employed. Pluripotent stem cells, including embryonic stem (ES) and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells offer a valuable alternative to provide the necessary cells to substitute organ transplants but also to serve as a model to study the onset and progression of the disease, resulting in better treatment regimens. This review will summarize recent progress in the establishment of pluripotent stem cells, their differentiation into the pancreatic lineage with a focus on two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) differentiation settings, the special role of iPS cells in the analysis of genetic predispositions to diabetes, and techniques that help to move current approaches to clinical applications. Particular attention, however, is also given to the long-term challenges that have to be addressed before ES or iPS cell-based therapies will become a broadly accepted treatment option.
1 型糖尿病（T1DM）和 2 型糖尿病（T2DM）是常见疾病。迄今为止，人们普遍认为所有形式的 DM 都会导致β细胞丧失。因此，为了避免在无法完全控制血糖时出现使人虚弱的合并症，有人认为β细胞替代是治愈疾病的唯一方法。由于器官捐献短缺，必须采用其他细胞来源来替代β细胞的替代策略。多能干细胞，包括胚胎干细胞（ES）和诱导多能干细胞（iPS）细胞，为提供必要的细胞替代器官移植提供了有价值的替代方法，也可作为研究疾病发病和进展的模型，从而制定更好的治疗方案。本文综述了多能干细胞建立的最新进展，及其向胰腺谱系的分化，重点介绍二维（2D）和三维（3D）分化设置、iPS 细胞在分析糖尿病遗传易感性方面的特殊作用，以及有助于推动当前方法向临床应用的技术。然而，特别关注的是，在基于 ES 或 iPS 细胞的治疗成为广泛接受的治疗选择之前，还必须解决长期挑战。
