Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, and Research Programs Unit, Infection Biology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Rev Med Virol. 2013 Jan;23(1):35-49. doi: 10.1002/rmv.1722. Epub 2012 Jul 3.
Hantaviruses (genus Hantavirus, family Bunyaviridae) are enveloped tri-segmented negative-stranded RNA viruses each carried by a specific rodent or insectivore host species. Several different hantaviruses known to infect humans circulate in Europe. The most common is Puumala (PUUV) carried by the bank vole; another two important, genetically closely related ones are Dobrava-Belgrade (DOBV) and Saaremaa viruses (SAAV) carried by Apodemus mice (species names follow the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses nomenclature). Of the two hantaviral diseases, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantaviral cardiopulmonary syndrome, the European viruses cause only HFRS: DOBV with often severe symptoms and a high case fatality rate, and PUUV and SAAV more often mild disease. More than 10,000 HFRS cases are diagnosed annually in Europe and in increasing numbers. Whether this is because of increasing recognition by the medical community or due to environmental factors such as climate change, or both, is not known. Nevertheless, in large areas of Europe, the population has a considerable seroprevalence but only relatively few HFRS cases are reported. Moreover, no epidemiological data are available from many countries. We know now that cardiac, pulmonary, ocular and hormonal disorders are, besides renal changes, common during the acute stage of PUUV and DOBV infection. About 5% of hospitalized PUUV and 16%-48% of DOBV patients require dialysis and some prolonged intensive-care treatment. Although PUUV-HFRS has a low case fatality rate, complications and long-term hormonal, renal, and cardiovascular consequences commonly occur. No vaccine or specific therapy is in general use in Europe. We conclude that hantaviruses have a significant impact on public health in Europe.
汉坦病毒（属汉坦病毒，布尼亚病毒科）是包膜的三片段负链 RNA 病毒，每种病毒都由特定的啮齿动物或食虫动物宿主携带。已知有几种不同的汉坦病毒感染人类，在欧洲流行。最常见的是普马拉病毒（PUUV），由田鼠携带；另外两种重要的、遗传上密切相关的病毒是多布拉伐-贝尔格莱德病毒（DOBV）和萨雷马病毒（SAAV），由小家鼠携带（物种名称遵循国际病毒分类学委员会的命名法）。在两种汉坦病毒病，即肾综合征出血热（HFRS）和汉坦病毒心肺综合征中，欧洲病毒仅引起 HFRS：DOBV 症状常严重，病死率高，而 PUUV 和 SAAV 则更常引起轻症疾病。欧洲每年诊断出超过 10000 例 HFRS 病例，且数量还在不断增加。这是由于医学界的认识不断提高，还是由于气候变化等环境因素，或者两者兼而有之，目前尚不清楚。尽管如此，在欧洲的大片地区，人群具有相当高的血清流行率，但报告的 HFRS 病例相对较少。此外，许多国家都没有流行病学数据。我们现在知道，除了肾脏变化外，心脏、肺部、眼部和激素紊乱也是 PUUV 和 DOBV 感染急性阶段的常见并发症。约 5%的住院 PUUV 和 16%-48%的 DOBV 患者需要透析和一些长期强化治疗。尽管 PUUV-HFRS 的病死率较低，但并发症和长期的激素、肾脏和心血管后果通常会发生。在欧洲，一般不使用疫苗或特效疗法。我们的结论是，汉坦病毒对欧洲的公共卫生有重大影响。
