Bouazzaoui Badiâa, Fay Séverine, Taconnat Laurence, Angel Lucie, Vanneste Sandrine, Isingrini Michel
Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l'Apprentissage, Université François–Rabelais de Tours, France.
Can J Exp Psychol. 2013 Jun;67(2):100-7. doi: 10.1037/a0028517. Epub 2012 Jul 9.
Craik and Bialystok (2006, 2008) postulated that examining the evolution of knowledge representation and control processes across the life span could help in understanding age-related cognitive changes. The present study explored the hypothesis that knowledge representation and control processes are differentially involved in the episodic memory performance of young and older adults. Young and older adults were administered a cued-recall task and tests of crystallized knowledge and executive functioning to measure representation and control processes, respectively. Results replicate the classic finding that executive and cued-recall performance decline with age, but crystallized-knowledge performance does not. Factor analysis confirmed the independence of representation and control. Correlation analyses showed that the memory performance of younger adults was correlated with representation but not with control measures, whereas the memory performance of older adults was correlated with both representation and control measures. Regression analyses indicated that the control factor was the main predictor of episodic-memory performance for older adults, with the representation factor adding an independent contribution, but the representation factor was the sole predictor for young adults. This finding supports the view that factors sustaining episodic memory vary from young adulthood to old age; representation was shown to be important throughout adulthood, and control was also important for older adults. The results also indicated that control and representation modulate age-group-related variance in episodic memory.
克雷克和比亚韦斯托克（2006年、2008年）推测，研究知识表征和控制过程在整个生命周期中的演变，有助于理解与年龄相关的认知变化。本研究探讨了以下假设：知识表征和控制过程在年轻人和老年人的情景记忆表现中所起的作用不同。分别对年轻人和老年人进行了线索回忆任务以及晶体知识和执行功能测试，以测量表征和控制过程。结果重现了经典发现，即执行功能和线索回忆表现会随着年龄增长而下降，但晶体知识表现则不会。因素分析证实了表征和控制的独立性。相关性分析表明，年轻人的记忆表现与表征相关，但与控制指标无关，而老年人的记忆表现与表征和控制指标均相关。回归分析表明，控制因素是老年人情景记忆表现的主要预测指标，表征因素也有独立贡献，但表征因素是年轻人情景记忆表现的唯一预测指标。这一发现支持了以下观点：维持情景记忆的因素在成年早期到老年期有所不同；表征在整个成年期都很重要，而控制对老年人也很重要。结果还表明，控制和表征调节了情景记忆中与年龄组相关的差异。
