Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071 Castellón, Spain.
Chemosphere. 2012 Nov;89(11):1399-406. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.05.110. Epub 2012 Jul 9.
An extensive study on the presence of illicit drugs and pharmaceuticals with potential for abuse in sewage waters was made for the first time in the Netherlands. A total number of 24 target drugs were investigated in influent and effluent wastewater using liquid chromatography coupled to a high resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometer. This powerful analyzer has allowed not only the detection and identification of the compounds under investigation, but also their quantification at very low levels, which is highly innovative in the field of drugs of abuse. Samples were taken from five sewage treatment plants (STPs) during a whole week. The selected STPs served four cities of different size and an international airport. Daily variances of drug loads were demonstrated and removal efficiencies calculated for each drug and STP individually. Twelve target compounds were found in at least one influent or effluent, and highest concentrations were observed in influents collected from more urbanized areas. The compounds more frequently detected were amphetamine, benzoylecgonine, cocaine and THCCOOH together with the pharmaceuticals codeine, oxazepam and temazepam. Established week trends in consumption of drugs showed distinct differences between individual drugs. A slightly different occurrence pattern was observed in wastewaters from the airport. Thus, methamphetamine was only detected at Schiphol, a fact that was interpreted to be caused by consumption of this drug by travelers. Despite the fact that the Netherlands has frequently been criticized for its liberal drug policy the results from this study did not reveal higher drug consumption than found elsewhere, with the exception of cannabis.
首次在荷兰对污水中的非法药物和具有滥用潜力的药物进行了广泛研究。使用液相色谱-高分辨率轨道阱质谱联用仪对进水和出水废水中的 24 种目标药物进行了全面调查。这种强大的分析仪不仅能够检测和识别所研究的化合物，还能够在非常低的水平下进行定量，这在滥用药物领域具有高度创新性。从五个污水处理厂（STP）在一周内采集了样本。所选的 STP 为四个不同规模的城市和一个国际机场服务。证明了药物负荷的日常差异，并为每种药物和 STP 单独计算了去除效率。至少在一个进水或出水口中发现了 12 种目标化合物，并且在从城市化程度较高的地区采集的进水口中观察到了最高浓度。检测到的化合物更频繁的是安非他命、苯甲酰可卡因为和 THCCOOH 以及药物可待因、奥沙西泮和替马西泮。已建立的药物消费周趋势显示出个体药物之间的明显差异。在机场的废水中观察到了略有不同的发生模式。因此，仅在史基浦机场检测到了甲基苯丙胺，这一事实被解释为旅行者消费这种药物所致。尽管荷兰因其宽松的毒品政策经常受到批评，但这项研究的结果并未显示出比其他地方更高的毒品消费水平，除了大麻。
