Leerkes Esther M, Weaver Jennifer M, O'Brien Marion
Human Development and Family Studies, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, PO Box 26170, Greensboro, NC, 27402-6170, USA.
Parent Sci Pract. 2012 Jan 1;12(2-3):175-184. doi: 10.1080/15295192.2012.683353. Epub 2012 Jun 14.
Drawing from a domain specificity perspective, we assert that maternal sensitivity to infant distress cues is distinct from maternal sensitivity to non-distress cues. We review evidence from prior research demonstrating that the two constructs have more unshared than shared variance and that sensitivity to infant distress is a unique predictor of infants' early emotional well-being when both types of sensitivity are examined as simultaneous predictors. In addition, we present new evidence to test the hypothesis that maternal sensitivity to infant distress and non-distress have different origins. We draw on data from a subset of mothers and infants who participated in Phase I of the NICHD Study of Early Child Care (Study 1) and from 101 mother-infant dyads who participated in a longitudinal study of the origins of maternal sensitivity (Study 2). In both studies, maternal sensitivity to distress and non-distress were rated when infants were 6 months old. In both studies, socio-demographic risk (i.e., young, unmarried, low income mothers) was a stronger predictor of sensitivity to non-distress than of sensitivity to distress. In Study 2, mothers' emotional and cognitive responses to videotapes of crying infants during the prenatal period predicted maternal sensitivity during tasks designed to elicit infant fear and frustration but were unrelated to maternal sensitivity in a non-arousing free play context. Maternal sensitivity during infancy can be further divided into specific sub-types that have unique origins and unique effects on subsequent child well-being. Methodological, theoretical, and applied implications of such an approach are discussed.
从领域特异性的角度出发，我们认为母亲对婴儿痛苦线索的敏感性不同于母亲对非痛苦线索的敏感性。我们回顾了先前研究的证据，这些证据表明这两种构念的非共享方差比共享方差更多，并且当将两种敏感性作为同时预测因素进行检验时，对婴儿痛苦的敏感性是婴儿早期情绪健康的独特预测因素。此外，我们提供了新的证据来检验母亲对婴儿痛苦和非痛苦的敏感性有不同起源这一假设。我们利用了参与国家儿童健康与人类发展研究所早期儿童保育研究第一阶段的一部分母亲和婴儿的数据（研究1），以及101对母婴二元组的数据，这些母婴参与了一项关于母亲敏感性起源的纵向研究（研究2）。在两项研究中，当婴儿6个月大时，对母亲对痛苦和非痛苦的敏感性进行了评分。在两项研究中，社会人口风险（即年轻、未婚、低收入母亲）对非痛苦敏感性的预测作用比对痛苦敏感性的预测作用更强。在研究2中，母亲在孕期对哭泣婴儿录像带的情绪和认知反应预测了在旨在引发婴儿恐惧和沮丧的任务中的母亲敏感性，但与在无刺激的自由玩耍情境中的母亲敏感性无关。婴儿期的母亲敏感性可以进一步细分为具有独特起源且对儿童后续幸福有独特影响的特定子类型。我们讨论了这种方法的方法学、理论和应用意义。
