Swain James E, Konrath Sara, Brown Stephanie L, Finegood Eric D, Akce Leyla B, Dayton Carolyn J, Ho S Shaun
Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Rachel Upjohn Building, 4250 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2700 USA.
Parent Sci Pract. 2012;12(2-3):115-123. doi: 10.1080/15295192.2012.680409. Epub 2012 Jun 14.
Interpersonal relationships constitute the foundation on which human society is based. The infant-caregiver bond is the earliest and most influential of these relationships. Driven by evolutionary pressure for survival, parents feel compelled to provide care to their biological offspring. However, compassion for non-kin is also ubiquitous in human societies, motivating individuals to suppress their own self-interests to promote the well-being of non-kin members of the society. We argue that the process of early kinship-selective parental care provides the foundation for non-exclusive altruism via the activation of a general Caregiving System that regulates compassion in any of its forms. We propose a tripartite structure of this system that includes (1) the perception of need in another, (2) a caring motivational or feeling state, and (3) the delivery of a helping response to the individual in need. Findings from human and animal research point to specific neurobiological mechanisms including activation of the insula and the secretion of oxytocin that support the adaptive functioning of this Caregiving System.
人际关系构成了人类社会赖以存在的基础。婴儿与照料者之间的纽带是这些关系中最早且最具影响力的。在生存的进化压力驱使下，父母觉得有必要照料自己的亲生后代。然而，对非亲属的同情在人类社会中也很普遍，促使个体抑制自身利益以促进社会中非亲属成员的福祉。我们认为，早期亲属选择性父母照料的过程通过激活一个调节任何形式同情的通用照料系统，为非排他性利他主义奠定了基础。我们提出了这个系统的三方结构，包括：（1）对他人需求的感知；（2）一种关怀的动机或情感状态；（3）向有需要的个体提供帮助的回应。来自人类和动物研究的结果指向了特定的神经生物学机制，包括脑岛的激活和催产素的分泌，这些机制支持了这个照料系统的适应性功能。
