Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, USA.
Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2012;28:113-35. doi: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-092910-154158. Epub 2012 Jul 12.
Cell size varies widely among different organisms as well as within the same organism in different tissue types and during development, which places variable metabolic and functional demands on organelles and internal structures. A fundamental question is how essential subcellular components scale to accommodate cell size differences. Nuclear transport has emerged as a conserved means of scaling nuclear size. A meiotic spindle scaling factor has been identified as the microtubule-severing protein katanin, which is differentially regulated by phosphorylation in two different-sized frog species. Anaphase mechanisms and levels of chromatin compaction both act to coordinate cell size with spindle and chromosome dimensions to ensure accurate genome distribution during cell division. Scaling relationships and mechanisms for many membrane-bound compartments remain largely unknown and are complicated by their heterogeneity and dynamic nature. This review summarizes cell and organelle size relationships and the experimental approaches that have elucidated mechanisms of intracellular scaling.
细胞大小在不同生物体以及同一生物体的不同组织类型和发育过程中差异很大，这对细胞器和内部结构提出了可变的代谢和功能需求。一个基本问题是，细胞大小的差异如何影响细胞器的大小。核运输已成为一种保守的核大小调节方式。有研究发现，减数分裂纺锤体的缩放因子是微管切割蛋白katanin，它在两种不同大小的青蛙物种中通过磷酸化的不同调节。后期机制和染色质压缩的水平都作用于协调细胞大小与纺锤体和染色体的尺寸，以确保细胞分裂过程中基因组的准确分配。许多膜结合区室的缩放关系和机制在很大程度上仍然未知，并且由于它们的异质性和动态性质而变得复杂。这篇综述总结了细胞和细胞器大小之间的关系，以及阐明细胞内缩放机制的实验方法。
