Vuković Lidija D, Jevtić Predrag, Edens Lisa J, Levy Daniel L
Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States of America.
Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States of America.
Int Rev Cell Mol Biol. 2016;322:1-59. doi: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2015.11.001. Epub 2016 Jan 6.
Nuclear size is generally maintained within a defined range in a given cell type. Changes in cell size that occur during cell growth, development, and differentiation are accompanied by dynamic nuclear size adjustments in order to establish appropriate nuclear-to-cytoplasmic volume relationships. It has long been recognized that aberrations in nuclear size are associated with certain disease states, most notably cancer. Nuclear size and morphology must impact nuclear and cellular functions. Understanding these functional implications requires an understanding of the mechanisms that control nuclear size. In this review, we first provide a general overview of the diverse cellular structures and activities that contribute to nuclear size control, including structural components of the nucleus, effects of DNA amount and chromatin compaction, signaling, and transport pathways that impinge on the nucleus, extranuclear structures, and cell cycle state. We then detail some of the key mechanistic findings about nuclear size regulation that have been gleaned from a variety of model organisms. Lastly, we review studies that have implicated nuclear size in the regulation of cell and nuclear function and speculate on the potential functional significance of nuclear size in chromatin organization, gene expression, nuclear mechanics, and disease. With many fundamental cell biological questions remaining to be answered, the field of nuclear size regulation is still wide open.
在特定细胞类型中，细胞核大小通常维持在一定范围内。细胞生长、发育和分化过程中发生的细胞大小变化伴随着动态的细胞核大小调整，以建立合适的核质体积关系。长期以来，人们已经认识到细胞核大小异常与某些疾病状态相关，最显著的是癌症。细胞核大小和形态必定会影响细胞核及细胞功能。要理解这些功能影响，就需要了解控制细胞核大小的机制。在本综述中，我们首先概述了有助于细胞核大小控制的各种细胞结构和活动，包括细胞核的结构成分、DNA含量和染色质压缩的影响、作用于细胞核的信号传导和运输途径、核外结构以及细胞周期状态。然后，我们详细阐述了从多种模式生物中获得的一些关于细胞核大小调控的关键机制研究结果。最后，我们回顾了那些表明细胞核大小参与细胞和细胞核功能调控的研究，并推测细胞核大小在染色质组织、基因表达、细胞核力学和疾病中的潜在功能意义。由于许多基本的细胞生物学问题仍有待解答，细胞核大小调控领域仍然充满未知。
