Department of Earth System Science, 3242 Croul Hall, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA.
Ecol Appl. 2012 Jun;22(4):1345-64. doi: 10.1890/10-2362.1.
Fires in agricultural ecosystems emit greenhouse gases and aerosols that influence climate on multiple spatial and temporal scales. Annex 1 countries of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), many of which ratified the Kyoto Protocol, are required to report emissions of CH4 and N2O from these fires annually. In this study, we evaluated several aspects of this reporting system, including the optimality of the crops targeted by the UNFCCC globally and within Annex 1 countries, and the consistency of emissions inventories among different countries. We also evaluated the success of individual countries in capturing interannual variability and long-term trends in agricultural fire activity. In our approach, we combined global high-resolution maps of crop harvest area and production, derived from satellite maps and ground-based census data, with Terra and Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) measurements of active fires. At a global scale, we found that adding ground nuts (e.g., peanuts), cocoa, cotton and oil palm, and removing potato, oats, rye, and pulse other from the list of 14 crops targeted by the UNFCCC increased the percentage of active fires covered by the reporting system by 9%. Optimization led to a different recommended list for Annex 1 countries, requiring the addition of sunflower, cotton, rapeseed, and alfalfa and the removal of beans, sugarcane, pulse others, and tuber-root others. Extending emissions reporting to all Annex 1 countries (from the current set of 19 countries) would increase the efficacy of the reporting system from 6% to 15%, and further including several non-Annex 1 countries (Argentina, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Thailand, Kazakhstan, Mexico, and Nigeria) would capture over 55% of active fires in croplands worldwide. Analyses of interannual trends from the United States and Australia showed the importance of both intensity of fire use and crop production in controlling year-to-year variations in agricultural fire emissions. Remote sensing provides an effective means for evaluating some aspects of the current UNFCCC emissions reporting system; and, if combined with census data, field experiments and expert opinion, has the potential to improve the robustness of the next generation inventory system.
农业生态系统火灾排放的温室气体和气溶胶会在多种时空尺度上影响气候。联合国气候变化框架公约（UNFCCC）的附件 1 国家（其中许多国家已批准《京都议定书》），每年都需要报告这些火灾产生的甲烷和氧化亚氮排放量。在这项研究中，我们评估了该报告系统的几个方面，包括在全球范围内和在附件 1 国家中，UNFCCC 针对的作物的最优性，以及不同国家之间排放清单的一致性。我们还评估了各国在捕捉农业火灾活动的年际变化和长期趋势方面的成功程度。在我们的方法中，我们将全球高分辨率的作物收获面积和产量地图，这些地图来自卫星地图和基于地面的普查数据，与 Terra 和 Aqua 中分辨率成像光谱仪（MODIS）的活跃火灾测量数据相结合。在全球范围内，我们发现，在 UNFCCC 针对的 14 种作物列表中添加花生、可可、棉花和油棕，以及去除土豆、燕麦、黑麦和豆类等，会使报告系统覆盖的活跃火灾百分比增加 9%。优化导致了针对附件 1 国家的不同推荐列表，需要添加向日葵、棉花、油菜籽和紫花苜蓿，并去除豆类、甘蔗、其他豆类和其他块茎根。将排放报告扩展到所有附件 1 国家（从目前的 19 个国家扩展）将使报告系统的效率从 6%提高到 15%，进一步包括几个非附件 1 国家（阿根廷、巴西、中国、印度、印度尼西亚、泰国、哈萨克斯坦、墨西哥和尼日利亚）将捕获全球农田中超过 55%的活跃火灾。对美国和澳大利亚的年际趋势分析表明，火灾使用强度和作物产量在控制农业火灾排放的年际变化方面都很重要。遥感为评估当前 UNFCCC 排放报告系统的某些方面提供了有效手段；如果与普查数据、田间实验和专家意见相结合，有可能改进下一代清单系统的稳健性。
