Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
Semin Nephrol. 2012 May;32(3):295-303. doi: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2012.04.009.
The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family comprises more than 30 family members that are structurally related secreted dimeric cytokines, including TGF-β, activins, and bone morphogenetic proteins/growth and differentiation factors. TGF-β are pluripotent regulators of cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, migration, and adhesion of many different cell types. TGF-β pathways are highly evolutionarily conserved and control embryogenesis, tissue repair, and tissue homeostasis in invertebrates and vertebrates. Aberrations in TGF-β activity and signaling underlie a broad spectrum of developmental disorders and major pathologies in human beings, including cancer, fibrosis, and autoimmune diseases. Recent observations have indicated an emerging role for TGF-β in the regulation of mitochondrial bioenergetics and oxidative stress responses characteristic of chronic degenerative diseases and aging. Conversely, energy and metabolic sensory pathways cross-regulate mediators of TGF-β signaling. Here, we review TGF-β and regulation of bioenergetic and mitochondrial functions, including energy and oxidant metabolism and apoptotic cell death, as well as their emerging relevance in renal biology and disease.
转化生长因子-β（TGF-β）家族包括 30 多种结构相关的分泌二聚体细胞因子，包括 TGF-β、激活素和骨形态发生蛋白/生长和分化因子。TGF-β 是多种不同细胞类型的细胞增殖、分化、凋亡、迁移和黏附的多能调节因子。TGF-β 途径在进化上高度保守，可控制无脊椎动物和脊椎动物的胚胎发生、组织修复和组织稳态。TGF-β 活性和信号转导的异常是人类广泛发育障碍和主要病理学的基础，包括癌症、纤维化和自身免疫性疾病。最近的观察表明，TGF-β 在调节慢性退行性疾病和衰老特征的线粒体生物能学和氧化应激反应中具有新兴作用。相反，能量和代谢感应途径交叉调节 TGF-β 信号转导的介质。在这里，我们综述了 TGF-β 及其对生物能学和线粒体功能的调节，包括能量和氧化剂代谢以及凋亡细胞死亡，以及它们在肾脏生物学和疾病中的新兴相关性。
