Cardiovascular Epidemiology Observatory, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2013 Sep;23(9):850-6. doi: 10.1016/j.numecd.2012.04.004. Epub 2012 Jul 25.
As excess sodium and inadequate potassium intake are causally related to hypertension and cardiovascular disease, the MINISAL-GIRCSI Program aimed to provide reliable estimates of dietary sodium and potassium intake in representative samples of the Italian population.
Random samples of adult population were collected from 12 Italian regions, including 1168 men and 1112 women aged 35-79 yrs. Electrolyte intake was estimated from 24 hour urine collections and creatinine was measured to estimate the accuracy of the collection. Anthropometric indices were measured with standardised procedures.
The average sodium excretion was 189 mmol (or 10.9 g of salt/day) among men and 147 mmol (or 8.5 g) among women (range 27-472 and 36-471 mmol, respectively). Ninety-seven % of men and 87% of women had a consumption higher than the WHO recommended target of 5g/day. The 24 h average potassium excretion was 63 and 55 mmol, respectively (range 17-171 and 20-126 mmol), 96% of men and 99% of women having an intake lower than 100 mmol/day (European and American guideline recommendation). The mean sodium/potassium ratio was 3.1 and 2.8 respectively, i.e. over threefold greater than the desirable level of 0.85. The highest sodium intake was observed in Southern regions. Sodium and potassium excretion were both progressively higher the higher the BMI (p < 0.0001).
These MINISAL preliminary results indicate that in all the Italian regions thus far surveyed dietary sodium intake was largely higher and potassium intake lower than the recommended intakes. They also highlight the critical association between overweight and excess salt intake.
由于钠摄入过量和钾摄入不足与高血压和心血管疾病有因果关系，MINISAL-GIRCSI 项目旨在为意大利代表性人群样本提供可靠的饮食钠和钾摄入量估计。
从意大利 12 个地区采集成年人群的随机样本，包括 1168 名男性和 1112 名女性，年龄 35-79 岁。电解质摄入通过 24 小时尿液收集来估计，并测量肌酐以评估收集的准确性。采用标准化程序测量人体测量学指数。
男性平均钠排泄量为 189mmol（或 10.9g 盐/天），女性为 147mmol（或 8.5g）（范围分别为 27-472 和 36-471mmol）。97%的男性和 87%的女性的摄入量高于世界卫生组织推荐的 5g/天目标。男性和女性的 24 小时平均钾排泄量分别为 63 和 55mmol（范围分别为 17-171 和 20-126mmol），96%的男性和 99%的女性的摄入量低于 100mmol/天（欧洲和美国指南推荐）。钠/钾比值的平均值分别为 3.1 和 2.8，即高于理想水平 0.85 的三倍多。南部地区的钠摄入量最高。随着 BMI 的增加，钠和钾的排泄量都逐渐增加（p<0.0001）。
MINISAL 的这些初步结果表明，在所调查的意大利所有地区，饮食中的钠摄入量普遍较高，钾摄入量普遍较低，低于推荐摄入量。它们还突出了超重和过量盐摄入之间的关键关联。
