Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2012 Dec;7(4):390-3. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.7.4.390. Epub 2012 Jul 31.
The theory of deliberate practice postulates that experts are always made, not born. This theory translated to the youth-sport domain means that if athletes want to be high-level performers, they need to deliberately engage in practice during the specialization years, spending time wisely and always focusing on tasks that challenge current performance. Sport organizations in several countries around the world created specialized training centers where selected young talents practice under the supervision of experienced coaches in order to become professional athletes and integrate onto youth national teams. Early specialization and accurate observation by expert coaches or scouts remain the only tools to find a potential excellent athlete among a great number of participants. In the current study, the authors present 2 of the problems raised by talent search and the risks of such a search. Growth and maturation are important concepts to better understand the identification, selection, and development processes of young athletes. However, the literature suggests that sport-promoting strategies are being maintained despite the increased demands in the anthropometric characteristics of professional players and demands of actual professional soccer competitions. On the other hand, identifying biological variables that can predict performance is almost impossible.
刻意练习理论假设专家是后天造就的，而非天生的。这一理论应用于青少年体育领域意味着，如果运动员想要成为高水平的运动员，他们需要在专业化阶段有目的地进行练习，明智地分配时间，始终专注于能够挑战当前表现的任务。世界上几个国家的体育组织都设立了专门的训练中心，让经过挑选的年轻人才在经验丰富的教练的监督下进行练习，从而成为职业运动员，并加入青年国家队。早期的专业化和专家教练或球探的准确观察仍然是在众多参与者中找到有潜力的优秀运动员的唯一工具。在本研究中，作者提出了人才选拔中存在的 2 个问题和此类选拔的风险。生长和成熟是更好地理解年轻运动员的识别、选择和发展过程的重要概念。然而，尽管对职业运动员的人体测量特征和实际职业足球比赛的要求不断提高，体育促进策略仍在维持。另一方面，确定可以预测表现的生物学变量几乎是不可能的。
