School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Emotion. 2013 Feb;13(1):139-50. doi: 10.1037/a0029521. Epub 2012 Aug 20.
Social exclusion can have devastating personal, social, and clinical consequences, but several recent studies have identified factors that can reduce its aversive impact (e.g., distraction from rumination, control over a noise). In this study, we continued to explore possible strategies for reducing the aversive experiences of being excluded. Three experiments investigated whether an experience of inclusion reduced the impact of exclusion. Specifically, participants engaged in two rounds of a computer ball toss game (Cyberball) in which they were either included or excluded. Participants were told either that they played the two games with the same two sources (Experiment 1), with a different pair of sources (Experiment 2), or with people and then computer controlled sources (Experiment 3). We measured the impact of exclusion and inclusion on the psychological states of belonging, control, self esteem, meaningful existence, hurt feelings, anger, and affect. Across all three experiments, if inclusion occurred after exclusion then it was found to have an ameliorative benefit. However, if inclusion occurred before exclusion there was no protective benefit. Finally, we compared the ratings following one versus two experiences of exclusion, with no additive impact found. Taken together, the results indicate that inclusion can reduce the impact of exclusion, but only if it occurs after exclusion. Further, inclusion is ameliorative even when it is by a different group or a computer program.
社会排斥会对个人、社会和临床产生破坏性影响，但最近的几项研究已经确定了一些可以减轻其负面影响的因素（例如，从沉思中分心，控制噪音）。在这项研究中，我们继续探索减轻被排斥的不愉快体验的可能策略。三个实验研究了包容的体验是否会减轻排斥的影响。具体来说，参与者参与了两轮计算机投球游戏（Cyberball），他们在其中被包含或排斥。参与者被告知他们要么与同一两个来源进行两轮游戏（实验 1），要么与不同的一对来源进行游戏（实验 2），要么与人和然后由计算机控制的来源进行游戏（实验 3）。我们测量了排斥和包容对归属感、控制感、自尊心、有意义存在、受伤感、愤怒和情感的心理状态的影响。在所有三个实验中，如果在排斥之后发生包容，那么它被发现具有改善作用。但是，如果在排斥之前发生包容，则没有保护作用。最后，我们比较了一次和两次排斥体验后的评分，没有发现累加影响。总之，这些结果表明包容可以减轻排斥的影响，但前提是它发生在排斥之后。此外，即使是由不同的群体或计算机程序进行包容，也具有改善作用。
